![Page 1: Woodland Tribes Move to the Plains Chapter 3, Section 2](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032702/56649ce35503460f949af883/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Woodland Tribes Move to the Plains
Chapter 3, Section 2
![Page 2: Woodland Tribes Move to the Plains Chapter 3, Section 2](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032702/56649ce35503460f949af883/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
The Crow
• The Crow people arrived in Montana after decades of migration.
• They are relatives of the Hidatsa (North Dakota.)
• The Crow’s ancestors lived in the woodlands near the Great Lakes.
![Page 3: Woodland Tribes Move to the Plains Chapter 3, Section 2](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032702/56649ce35503460f949af883/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
The Crow• In the early 1600’s a
band of about 500 Crow broke away from the Hidatsa and moved to Wyoming and Montana.
• They were called the Apsaalooke (ab-SAH-lah-gah) which means, “children of the large-beaked bird.
![Page 4: Woodland Tribes Move to the Plains Chapter 3, Section 2](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032702/56649ce35503460f949af883/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
The Blackfeet• The Blackfeet
people share language roots with Algonquian people of the east coast.
• In the early 1700’s, three bands came to live permanently in northern Montana:
![Page 5: Woodland Tribes Move to the Plains Chapter 3, Section 2](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032702/56649ce35503460f949af883/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
The 3 Bands of the Blackfeet–The Northern Blackfeet
are called the Siksika (sik-sik-AH.)
–The Blood (Kainah)–The Piegan (Pikuni)
• The Blackfeet call themselves the Niitsitape (nee-it-see-TAH-peh) which means, “the real people.”
![Page 6: Woodland Tribes Move to the Plains Chapter 3, Section 2](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032702/56649ce35503460f949af883/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Gros Ventre• The Gros Ventre are
descended from a band that broke away from the Arapaho to settle in central and eastern Montana.
• There they allied themselves with their neighbors, the Blackfeet.
![Page 7: Woodland Tribes Move to the Plains Chapter 3, Section 2](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032702/56649ce35503460f949af883/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Gros Ventre
• The Gros Ventre call themselves A’aninin (ah-ha-NEE-nin), which means “white clay people” or “upright people.”
![Page 8: Woodland Tribes Move to the Plains Chapter 3, Section 2](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032702/56649ce35503460f949af883/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
The Assiniboine
• The name Assiniboine (ahs-nee-PWAN) means “stone cookers,” which refers to their method of cooking food on hot stones.
• They call themselves the Nakoda, meaning “generous people.”
• This tribe was also from the east, but gradually moved into Montana.
![Page 9: Woodland Tribes Move to the Plains Chapter 3, Section 2](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032702/56649ce35503460f949af883/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
The Métis • As French and Scottish
trappers moved through the woodlands in search of furs, they sometimes had children with Native American women.
• The part-Indian, part-European (usually French) people were called Métis.
• The Métis mostly stayed in groups, forming communities from the Great Lakes to Montana.
![Page 10: Woodland Tribes Move to the Plains Chapter 3, Section 2](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032702/56649ce35503460f949af883/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
The Cree and Chippewa
• The Cree and Chippewa people also occasionally hunted through our area before finally settling in South-East Montana.
![Page 11: Woodland Tribes Move to the Plains Chapter 3, Section 2](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032702/56649ce35503460f949af883/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Tribal Lifestyles• By 1700, many tribes shared ways of living
to adapt to Montana’s environment.
• Groups that moved from Montana may have previously grown crops or relied on fishing, but when they moved to the dry northern plains, all tribes became hunter-gatherers.
• They harvested plants, berries and roots, and hunted. They lived in tipis that they could move easily.
![Page 12: Woodland Tribes Move to the Plains Chapter 3, Section 2](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032702/56649ce35503460f949af883/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
The Seasonal Round
• People gathered food and medicine according to an annual cycle called the seasonal round.
• The seasonal round is the pattern of harvesting various foods according to the season.
![Page 13: Woodland Tribes Move to the Plains Chapter 3, Section 2](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032702/56649ce35503460f949af883/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
The Seasonal Round
• The Salish began to dig roots in the spring – bitterroot and camas.
• Strawberries, huckleberries and chokecherries followed in the summer.
![Page 14: Woodland Tribes Move to the Plains Chapter 3, Section 2](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032702/56649ce35503460f949af883/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
The Seasonal Round
• Winter was a time for the elders to tell stories, passing down wisdom and history to the young.
• In the winter men trapped and fished. • Pemmican, a traditional food made of dried meat,
fat, and berries, was an important food for all Plains people.
![Page 15: Woodland Tribes Move to the Plains Chapter 3, Section 2](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032702/56649ce35503460f949af883/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
The Seasonal Round
• During the winter months, tribes of the Montana plains often moved west into valleys.
• Here they were protected from the wind and close to water and fire wood.
• Bison often wintered in the valleys, and hunting continued in the early winter.
![Page 16: Woodland Tribes Move to the Plains Chapter 3, Section 2](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032702/56649ce35503460f949af883/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Cultural Differences
• Though many Montana tribes had cultural similarities, each tribe had its own identity and language.
• Each favored its own clothing and tipi designs and each had its own hairstyles and decorations.
• All Plains Indians wore moccasins, but each had its own recognizable design.
![Page 17: Woodland Tribes Move to the Plains Chapter 3, Section 2](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032702/56649ce35503460f949af883/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Cultural Differences
• Tribes also structured their societies differently.
• A tribe is made of Native people with a shared ancestry.
• Hunter-gatherer tribes were organized into smaller bands led by proven male leaders.
• The band was flexible – people or families could leave and join another band if they wished to.
![Page 18: Woodland Tribes Move to the Plains Chapter 3, Section 2](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032702/56649ce35503460f949af883/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Cultural Differences• Sedentary tribes (that did not
move around) were divided into family-based clans.
• In some clans, women owned all property, selected leaders and decided important issues.
• Almost all tribes also had small societies, ranging from military societies, police societies, and youth societies. Each society had its own dress, dances and songs.
A member of the Omaha tribe’s warrior society
performs a grass dance
![Page 19: Woodland Tribes Move to the Plains Chapter 3, Section 2](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032702/56649ce35503460f949af883/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Trade Networks• Indians of this region have
traded widely for centuries.
• Bitterroot and camas are collected from the mountains; Obsidian and chert from the Yellowstone region; Meat, hides and sweetgrass from the plains.
• Sweetgrass is a plant used for ceremonies.
![Page 20: Woodland Tribes Move to the Plains Chapter 3, Section 2](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032702/56649ce35503460f949af883/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Cultural Differences
• All of these goods were exchanged with far-away tribes for things like shells from the coast, pipestone from Minnesota, native copper from the Great lakes and Knife River flint from North Dakota.
• The Blackfeet sold pemmican to villages nearly 1,000 miles away and every tribe traded for tobacco. All of this was carried on foot!
• New products like European knives, hatchets, pots and beads moved quickly. Some reached Montana 200 years before white men did.
![Page 21: Woodland Tribes Move to the Plains Chapter 3, Section 2](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032702/56649ce35503460f949af883/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Cultural Differences• Trade networks also
strengthened relationships between tribes.
• To build a healthy trade system tribes had to be able communicate well, have a solid relationship, and be able to prove their trustworthiness.
• In this way, many trading partners became close allies.
![Page 22: Woodland Tribes Move to the Plains Chapter 3, Section 2](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032702/56649ce35503460f949af883/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Trade Networks• Even tribes living very
near to each other could not speak each others’ languages, but all tribes used similar sign language to communicate and trade.
• In this way a Hidatsa trader could communicate with any tribe within thousands of miles.