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Water, Energy andFood interactions:
taking a new look at
old problems Jeremy Bird, IWMI
ADB, 19 September 2013
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7/29/2019 WL9-Water, Energy and Food interactions: taking a new look at old problems by Jeremy Bird
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Time for a new approach….
“For most of the last century, economic growth was
fuelled by what seemed to be a certain truth: the
abundance of natural resources. We mined our way to
growth. We burned our way to prosperity. We believed in
consumption without consequences. Those days are
gone….. Over time, that model is a recipe for national
disaster. It is a global suicide pact.”
United Nations Secretary General Ban Ki-Moon,World Economic Forum 29th January 2012.
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To feed 9 billion people in2050, we needto produce 50-70% more
food and raisenutrition levels…
…and at the same timereverse environmentaldegradation
Humanity’s gr
eatest challenge
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www.iwmi.org
Water for a food-secure world
Extent of degradation
• 25% of land in a degraded state.
• 752 Mha affected by water erosion.
• 549 Mha affected by wind erosion.
• 34 Mha of irrigated area saline
• Economic cost of land degradationin Africa in 2003 USD 7.5 billion.
– increasing to USD 14 billion by 2020 if current situation is not reversed.
• Extensive water quality impactsglobally affecting water availability.
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Energy growth drives up water
demand
Global energy supply forecast to grow by more than one third by 2035 with high
dependence on fossil fuels supported by subsidies 6 times higher than renewables....
…. “Water
needs for energy production areset to grow at twice the rate of energy demand”. (World Energy Outlook, 2012)
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ADB, AWDO 2013
UN Water – Water Security
Definition
“The capacity of the population to
safeguard sustainable access to
adequate quantities of acceptable
quality water for sustaining livelihoods,
human well-being and socio-economic
development, for ensuring protection
against water-borne pollution and
water related disasters and for
preserving ecosystems in a climate of
peace and political stability”
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Water, energy food security nexus, Bonn2011
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Sectoral “nexus wins”
Energy efficiency
measures can reduce
water footprint
Increases in
agricultural water
productivity can
reduce both water
and energy
consumption
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Sectoral “nexus losers”
Shift to more water
intensive energy mix,
e.g. fracking, bio-fuels
Subsidy on electricity
for groundwater
irrigation pumping
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New partnerships are addressing nexus
related issues
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CGIAR Research Agenda
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IWMI is involved in five CGIAR
research programs
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Some examples of addressing interactions
Activity Nexus implications
Addressing the thorny issue of
groundwater subsidy
Reducing electricity consumption in
agriculture and unsustainable
abstraction
Raising water productivity More crop per drop – transfers tohigher priority uses
Balancing natural and built
infrastructure
Optimizing the set of benefits –
energy, food, provisioning and
regulating ecosystem functions
Using waste as a resource Replacing energy intensive fertilizer
production, foregone energy
consumption of waste treatment,
reduced pollution loads
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Groundwater crisis
in Gujarat, India
Safe
Semi-critical
CriticalOver exploited
Saline
Free electricity encouraged
groundwater use, leading
to..
• Groundwater overdraft
• High electricity
consumption and cost to
State
• Unreliability of domestic
supply
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• Pragmatic solution -separation of electricity
supply to villages and
pumps
• Outcome - reducedelectricity use, less
groundwater use, improved
power supply to domestic
users, higher yields
Similar schemes now proceeding in
neighboring states
Regulation doesn‟t always work…led to new approach of the Jyotigram program, Gujarat
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www.iwmi.org
Water for a food-secure world
Why a groundwater based solution for
Bengal?
Groundwater use status in India
High
GW potentialOnly 42% of its potential is used
and less than 10% blocks are
critical, none are over-exploited
80% of farmers depend on GW
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www.iwmi.org
Water for a food-secure world
Ground Water Policy change
• Agricultural growth in WestBengal had slumped by morethan half
• Research identified major
obstacle was access togroundwater
• New policies adopted to reduce„red-tape‟ and access for
smallholder farmers.• Could benefit more than 5.6
million smallholders
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“Integrated response at policy level” India is taking up the challenge
• “Resilience of ecosystems to become a central plank of policy”
• “ 20% increase in water use efficiency of irrigation”
• “National Aquifer Management Programme”
• “ cut energy losses and stabilize groundwater ” • “convert watershed management programme into a productivity enhancing instrument”
• “management of liquid and solid waste promoted together with recycling and reuse”
• “ Indian cities and industries have to reinvent their water trajectory”
• “paradigm shift in flood management away from building more embankments”
• State Water Regulatory Authorities – “autonomy and accountability”
• Model Bill for Protection, Conservation, Management and Regulation of Groundwater
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www.iwmi.org
Water for a food-secure world
Water productivity improvements are possibleMore food, less water – ADB TA
Cities in China take an increasing share of water…. but
agricultural output remains relatively steady
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Provisioning services
Regulatory servicesCultural services
Supporting services
Natural basin
CropsHydropower
IndustrialRegulation of water balance
Erosion control
ClimateregulationSoil
formation
Nutrientcycling
Recreation
CropsHydropower
IndustrialRegulation of water balance
Erosion control
ClimateregulationSoilformation
Nutrientcycling
Recreation
Intensively utilized basin
CropsHydropower
IndustrialRegulation of
water balance
Erosion control
ClimateregulationSoil
formation
Nutrientcycling
Recreation
Multifunctional “green” basin
Natural and built infrastructure… striking abalance – increasing the total benefit stream
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A continuum of water storage options…but how tolink disjointed governance and planning systems?
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Example of joined-up thinkingManaged aquifer recharge in the Isfara River basin
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
1.04.10 4.04.10 7.04.10 10.04.10 13.04.10
V, m/dInfiltration rate
Over 38,000 m³ was
infiltrated during 14 days
experiment in April, 2010
and 20,200 m³ at the 30
days experiment in April,2011 from the trench
of 0.1 ha area
2160
2165
2170
2175
2180
2185
2190
2195
2200
0 500 1000 1500
W a t e r d e p t h , c m
Hours
Well1
Modeling MAR indicated
potential for storing 100
Mm3
of
winter flow
P i l S l i “U d G d T i f
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CURRENT ACTIVITIES:
• Assessing regional prospects (Eastern Ganga
initially)
• Developing conceptual hydrological modelling of
pilot design• Selection of pilot catchments (Ganga & Chao
Phraya basins)
• Determine costs and benefits of options
• Identifying institutional arrangements for sharing
benefits and costs between farmers and flood
agencies
Currently
Wet Season
UTFI
Wet Season
UTFI
Dry Season
Basin Scale Conjunctive Use to Mitigate Floods,
Improve Livelihoods and Increase Food Security.
• Develop strong proof of concept in technical,
economic & institutional terms
• Evaluate opportunities for up-scaling & out-
scaling
Flood risk in
the EGB
Potential Solution: “Under Ground Taming of Floods”.
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Smallholder Agricultural Water Management:
Potential to Impact Millions in Africa
SSA: motor pumps• 122 million potential rural beneficiaries• Net revenues up to US$7.5 billion/yr.
Tanzania: motor pumps could benefit 2-3million people.
MediumLow
High
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www.iwmi.org
Water for a food-secure world
Targeted Investment in Tanzania
• Research and dialogue at policy level result in increased funds
and visibility for agricultural water management (AWM).
Outcomes
• The Parliamentary Committee pledged to
support budgetary increase in the Ministry of
Agriculture around proposed AWM solutions.
• Ministry of Agriculture budget increased by Tsh
10 billion (USD 6 million). Additional support
possible.
• Permanent AWM discussion platform
established at Sokoine University.Key partners: Eng. Mbogo Futakamba, Deputy
Permanent Secretary; Dr. Nuhu Hatibu, CEO,
Kilimo Trust; Prof. Mahoo, Sokoine University
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Scaling Up: Smallholder Access to Water & Markets
Backward Linkages
(Inputs)
Resource/Livelihood
situation
Forward Linkages
(Agricultural Products/Markets)
Externality
Management
PROFITABILITYOF AWM
SOLUTIONS
POLICIES/
INSTITUTIONS
ACCESS
IMPROVED
LIVELIHOODS
Rapid Participatory Opportunity and
Constraint Analysis (RPOCA)
Methodology which provides insights into: • Where to invest?
• Who could benefit?
• What types of interventions work best?
• How to intervene?
• Actors: What support is needed and from
whom?
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Looking at waste differently - what if
waste and used water could have a
second life in agriculture and pollution of
water bodies reduced?
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www.cicred.org/Eng/Seminars/Details/Seminars/PDE2007/Papers/IYER_Neelakantan_paperNairobi2007-project.pdf
Growth of Bangalore and Hyderabad
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Rapidly increasing urban influence on
water resourcese.g. Hyderabad, India
Kri shna Ri ver Himayat Sagar
Osman Sagar
GW
Musi River
GW – Ground Water
NJS – Nagarjuna Sagar reservoir
HyderabadWaste water irrigation
industry
Godavari Basin
Krishna Basin
NJS
Musi River
P ET Manjira
Singur
Godavari River water
W a t e r p u m
p e d
W a t e r p u m
p e d
Source: van Rooijen D, Turral H and Biggs TW. 2005. Sponge City: Water Balance of mega-city water useand wastewater use in Hyderabad, India. Irrigation and Drainage 54: 81-91.
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Water Quality over 40 km along the Musi River
Hyderabad
Sources: IWMI/J. Ensink
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Fecal sludge management?
In most cities in SSA, S. Asia and SE Asia, population growthoutpaces the development of sanitation infrastructure,
making the management of urban waste, human excreta andwastewater ineffective.
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Water pollution in peri-urban areas and downstream
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Waste water
Piped water
Also an opportunity?
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In the economically important
rural –urban interface it isdifficult to find a reliable
unpolluted water source
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IWMI works closely with WHO and
FAO on risk mitigation
Assessing extent of reuse, risks, and benefits. Developing and testing low-cost options for microbial risk
reduction (multi-barrier approach from farm to fork).
Supporting international guidelines and capacity building.
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7/29/2019 WL9-Water, Energy and Food interactions: taking a new look at old problems by Jeremy Bird
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Closing the nutrient loop ?
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7/29/2019 WL9-Water, Energy and Food interactions: taking a new look at old problems by Jeremy Bird
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Example of a business model currently being implemented
in Ghana as a Private Public Partnership :Fecal Sludge Valorization
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7/29/2019 WL9-Water, Energy and Food interactions: taking a new look at old problems by Jeremy Bird
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Current Status of RRR program after 18 months
Database of 150+ inspiring RRR business cases
Selection of 60 cases for in-depth analysis (see map)
So far 20 promising business models extracted
Feasibility studies of models starting in 9 cities
Business model implementation targeting 5 cities
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7/29/2019 WL9-Water, Energy and Food interactions: taking a new look at old problems by Jeremy Bird
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7/29/2019 WL9-Water, Energy and Food interactions: taking a new look at old problems by Jeremy Bird
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Reorient irrigation bureaucracy? Proving difficult..
•Changes in governance systems
• Unbundle irrigation agencies and
farmer management
• Benchmark performance
• Create incentives (better pay) and
accountability.
• Realistic ISF and 100% collection
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7/29/2019 WL9-Water, Energy and Food interactions: taking a new look at old problems by Jeremy Bird
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www.iwmi.org
Water for a food-secure world
Revitalize canal irrigation in South Asia
Taking a “new look at old systems”
• distributed storage to
improve system flexibility
and reliability • village tanks replenished by
canal water
• modernized irrigation e.g.
pressurized systems• groundwater recharge and
conjunctive use with surface
water
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7/29/2019 WL9-Water, Energy and Food interactions: taking a new look at old problems by Jeremy Bird
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www.iwmi.org
Water for a food-secure world
IWMI’s research program:
• work at the interface of research anddevelopment – „providing the evidence for change‟
• place ecosystem health at heart of
sustainable intensification: CGIAR „Water,Land and Ecosystems’ program
• turn problems into solutions - innovate
• focus on increasing the resilience of people
and systems
• help close the “policy - implementation gap”
• promote policy coherence across sectors
Research for Development
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7/29/2019 WL9-Water, Energy and Food interactions: taking a new look at old problems by Jeremy Bird
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www.iwmi.org
Water for a food-secure world
R E S E A R C H
C H A N G E &
O U T C O M E S
Research for Development
POLICIESINVESTMENTS
PRACTICES
BIOPHYSICAL
SOCIALECONOMICS
BUSINESS
RESEARCH OUTPUTSINTERMEDIATE
DEVELOPMENT OUTCOMES
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7/29/2019 WL9-Water, Energy and Food interactions: taking a new look at old problems by Jeremy Bird
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CGIAR Water Land and Ecosystems
Program – the vision:
A world in which agriculture thrives withinvibrant ecosystems, where communities havehigher incomes, improved food security and theability to continuously improve their lives
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7/29/2019 WL9-Water, Energy and Food interactions: taking a new look at old problems by Jeremy Bird
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4. Variability
management
3. Addressingdegradation
1. Harnessing
productivity
2. Business
models
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7/29/2019 WL9-Water, Energy and Food interactions: taking a new look at old problems by Jeremy Bird
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www.iwmi.org
Water for a food-secure world
Drylands Humid Tropics
AAS
WLE
CCAFS
Windows Funding
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7/29/2019 WL9-Water, Energy and Food interactions: taking a new look at old problems by Jeremy Bird
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Water for a food-secure world
Visit our websites
iwmi.org
wle.cgiar.org
and our blog at
wle.cgiar.org/blogs