Download - Wireless Roadmap & LTE
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Wireless Broadband Roadmap&
LTE Technology
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Module 1 – WCDMA Fundamentals
ObjectivesAfter this module the participant shall be able to:-
Understand the user requirement from a network andreason of 3G Failure.
Targets and market scenario of LTE Technology. Features and services of LTE.
LTE network architecture evolution.
Air Interface.
Logical, Transport and Physical Channel. OFDMA and SCFDMA.
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User Expectations
• Highly desire of broadband acces everywhere
1. Home, Office
2. Train, Aeroplane, Canteen, during the Breake
• Ubiquity (anywhere, anytime, wire free broadband)
• Higher voice quality
• Higher speed
• Lower prices
• Multitude of services
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Key considerations for the evolved packet network
• Integration of intelligence at the access edge.
• Simplified network topology.
• Optimized backhaul.
• Converged mobility and policy.
• Increased performance characteristics.
• 2G/3G to 4G migration.
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HSPA Limitations
• The maximum bit rates still are factor of 20 and more behind the current state
of the art systems like 802.11n and 802.16e/m. Even the support for highermobility levels is not an excuse for this.
• The latency of user plane traffic (UMTS: >30ms) and of resource assignment
procedures (UMTS: >100ms) is too big to handle traffic with high bit rate
variance efficiently.
• The terminal complexity for WCDMA or MC-CDMA systems is quite high,making equipment expensive, resulting in poor performing implementations
of receivers and inhibiting the implementation of other performance
enhancements.
• Cell Breathing: The cell coverage shrinks as the loading increases
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Comparisons Between 3G & 4G
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LTE Targets
• Spectral efficiency two to four times more
than with HSPA Release 6;• Peak rates exceed 100 Mbps in downlink
and 50 Mbps in uplink;
• Enables round trip time <10ms;
• Packet switched optimized;
• High level of mobility and security;
• Optimized terminal power efficiency;• Frequency flexibility with from below 1.5
MHz up to 20 MHz allocations.
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LTE Roadmap:- 1/2
Global market share of 3GPP and 3GPP2 technologies. EVDO, evolution data only.
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• Schedule of 3GPP standard and their commercial deployments.
• Peak data rate evolution of 3GPP technologies
LTE Roadmap:- 2/2
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Traffic forecast
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LTE Market Scenario
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LTE Market Scenario
Evolution to LTE report, revealing that there
are now 218 operators investing in LTE
worldwide, with 91 commercial roll-outs
expected by 2012. This number consists of
166 firm commercial deployments either in
progress or planned across 62 countries and
52 operators in 19 countries that areengaged in trials.
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LTE Positioning & Technology
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LTE specification work
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LTE Features
A complete move to packet-basedprocessing.
Support scalable bandwidths of 1.4, 3, 5.0,
10.0 and 20.0MHz.
Supported antenna configurations.• Downlink: 4 x 4, 4 x 2, 2 x 2, 1 x 2, 1 x 1.
• Uplink: 1 x 1, 2, 4.
Spectrum efficiency.• Downlink: 3 to 4 x HSDPA.
• Uplink: 2 to 3 x HSUPA.
Latency.• Control plane: less than 50 to 100msec to
establish user.
• User plane: less than 5msec from userterminal (UE) to server, on IP layer.
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Mobility
• Optimized for low speeds up to 15kmph.
• High performance at speeds up to 120kmph.
• Maintain link at speeds up to 350kmph.
Coverage
• Full performance up to 5 km.
• Slight degradation 5 km to 30 km.• Operation up to 100 km should not be precluded by standard
MIMO• Multiple Input Multiple Output• LTE will support MIMO as an option,• It describes the possibility to have multiple transmitter and
receiver antennas in a system.• Up to four antennas can be used by a single LTE cell (gain: spatial
multiplexing)• MIMO is considered to be the core technology to increase spectral
efficiency.
LTE Features (Count.)
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Available LTE Spectrum
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E-UTRA Band Uplink Downlink Uplink-Downlink Separation Duplex Mode
1 1920 – 1980 MHz 2110 – 2170 MHz 130 MHz FDD
2 1850 – 1910 MHz 1930 – 1990 MHz 20 MHz FDD
3 1710 – 1785 MHz 1805 – 1880 MHz 20 MHz FDD
4 1710 – 1755 MHz 2110 – 2155 MHz 355 MHz FDD
5 824 – 849 MHz 869 – 894 MHz 20 MHz FDD
6 830 – 840 MHz 875 – 885 MHz 35 MHz FDD
7 2500 – 2570 MHz 2620 – 2690 MHz 50 MHz FDD
8 880 – 915 MHz 925 – 960 MHz 10 MHz FDD
9 1749.9 – 1784.9 MHz 1844.9 – 1879.9 MHz 60 MHz FDD
10 1710 – 1770 MHz 2110 – 2170 MHz 340 MHz FDD
11 1427.9 – 1452.9 MHz 1475.9 – 1500.9 MHz 23 MHz FDD
…
13 777 - 787 MHz 746 - 756 MHz 21 MHz FDD
14 788 - 798 MHz 758 - 768 MHz 20 MHz FDD
…
33 1900 –
1920 MHz 1900 –
1920 MHz N/A TDD
34 2010 – 2025 MHz 2010 – 2025 MHz N/A TDD
35 1850 – 1910 MHz 1850 – 1910 MHz N/A TDD
36 1930 – 1990 MHz 1930 – 1990 MHz N/A TDD
37 1910 – 1930 MHz 1910 – 1930 MHz N/A TDD
38 2570 – 2620 MHz 2570 – 2620 MHz N/A TDD
39 1880 – 1920 MHz 1880 – 1920 MHz N/A TDD
40 2300 – 2400 MHz 2300 – 2400 MHz N/A TDD
Available Frequency Band List of LTE
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LTE FDD and TDD Modes
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LTE Architecture
LTE encompasses the evolution of:
the radio access through the E-UTRAN
the non-radio aspects under the term System Architecture Evolution (SAE) Entire system composed of both LTE and SAE is called the
Evolved Packet System (EPS)
At a high-level, the network is comprised of:
Core Network (CN), called Evolved Packet Core (EPC) in SAE access network (E-UTRAN)
A bearer is an IP packet flow with a defined QoS between the gateway and the User
Terminal (UE) CN is responsible for overall control of UE and establishment of the bearers.
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LTE System Architecture Evolution
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LTE Architecture [EPS]
Main logical nodes in EPC are:
PDN Gateway (P-GW)
Serving Gateway (S-GW)
Mobility Management Entity (MME)
EPC also includes other nodes and functions, such:
Home Subscriber Server (HSS)
Policy Control and Charging Rules Function (PCRF)
EPS only provides a bearer path of a certain QoS, control of multimedia applications isprovided by the IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS), which considered outside of EPS
E-UTRAN solely contains the evolved base stations, called eNodeB or eNB
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Evolved Packet System (EPS) Architecture – Subsystems
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System Architecture Evolution(SAE)
System Architecture Evolution (aka SAE) is the core network architecture of 3GPP's future
LTE wireless communication standard. SAE is the evolution of the GPRS Core Network, with some differences.
The main principles and objectives of the LTE-SAE architecture include :
• A common anchor point and gateway (GW) node for all access technologies
• IP-based protocols on all interfaces;
• Simplified network architecture• All IP network
• All services are via Packet Switched domain
• Support mobility between heterogeneous RATs, including legacy systems as GPRS,
but also non-3GPP systems (say WiMAX)
• Support for multiple, heterogeneous RATs, including legacy systems as GPRS, but
also non-3GPP systems (say WiMAX)
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[Source:http://www.3gpp.org/Highlights/LTE/LTE.htm]
System Architecture Evolution (SAE)
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LTE Frame Structure
• One element that is shared by the LTE Downlink and Uplink is the generic frame
structure. The LTE specifications define both FDD and TDD modes of operation. This
generic frame structure is used with FDD. Alternative frame structures are defined for
use with TDD.
[source: 3GPP TR 25.814]
• LTE frames are 10 msec in duration. They are divided into 10 subframes, eachsubframe being 1.0 msec long. Each subframe is further divided into two slots, each
of 0.5 msec duration. Slots consist of either 6 or 7 ODFM symbols, depending on
whether the normal or extended cyclic prefix is employed
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Generic Frame structure
Available Downlink Bandwidth is Divided into Physical Resource Blocks
[source: 3GPP TR 25.814]
LTE Reference Signals
are Interspersed Among
Resource Elements
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Protocol Layers
IP packets are passed through multiple protocol entities:
• Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP)
• Radio Link Control (RLC)• Medium Access Control (MAC)
• Physical Layer (PHY)
Communication Channels
RLC offers services to PDCP in the form of radio bearers
MAC offers services to RLC in the form of logical channels
PHY offers services to MAC in the form of transport channels
A logical channel is defined by the type of information it carries. Generally
classified as:
• a control channel, used for transmission of control and configuration
information necessary for operating an LTE system
• a traffic channel, used for the user data
A transport channel is defined by how and with what characteristics the
information is transmitted over the radio interface
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Channels
Logical channels
Logical channels can be classified incontrol and traffic channels.
• Control channels are:
Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH)
Paging Control Channel (PCCH)
Common Control Channel (CCCH)
Multicast Control Channel (MCCH)
Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH)
• Traffic channels are:
Dedicated Traffic Channel (DTCH)
Multicast Traffic Channel (MTCH)
Mapping between downlink logical and transport channels
Mapping between uplink logical and transport channels
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Transport channels
In order to reduce complexity of the LTE protocol architecture, the number oftransport channels has been reduced. This is mainly due to the focus on
shared channel operation, i.e. no dedicated channels are used any more.
• Downlink transport channels are
Broadcast Channel (BCH)
Downlink Shared Channel (DL-SCH)
Paging Channel (PCH)
Multicast Channel (MCH)
• Uplink transport channels are:
Uplink Shared Channel (UL-SCH)Random Access Channel (RACH)
Channels
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Physical channels
• Downlink: – Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH),
– Physical Multicast Channel (PMCH),
– Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH),
– Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH),
– Physical Control Format Indicator Channel (PCFICH),
– Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel (PHICH).
• Uplink:
– Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH),
– Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH),
– Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH).
• Additional, signals: (i) reference signals, (ii) primary and (iii) secondary
synchronization signals.
• The modulation schemes supported in the downlink and uplink are QPSK, 16QAM
and 64QAM.
Channels
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Channel Mapping
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Multiple Access Technologies
OFDM/OFDMA/SC‐FDMA
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Multiple Access
OFDMA
• Downlink multiplexing
• OFDMA stands for Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access
• Receiver complexity is at a reasonable level
• Improved spectral efficiency
• Reduced interference
• Very well suited for MIMO
SC-FDMA
• Uplink multiplexing
• SC-FDMA stands for Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access, a variant of
OFDMA
• The advantage against OFDMA is to have a lower PAPR (Peak-to-Average PowerRatio) meaning less power consumption and less expensive RF amplifiers in the
terminal.
• Power efficient uplink increasing battery lifetime
• Reduced Terminal complexity
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Pulse shaping and Spectrum
• Two characteristics are important for a Signal:
- The time domain presentation:
It helps recognize “how long the symbol lasts on air”
- The frequency domain presentation:
to understand the required spectrum in terms of
bandwidth
• It is one of the most simple time‐domain pulses.
• It simply jumps at time t=0 to its maximum
amplitude and after the pulse duration Ts just goes
back to 0.
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OFDM: Orthogonal Frequency DivisionMulti‐Carrier
• For the rectangular pulse there is a better
option possible and it is even easier toimplement.
• We must just notice that the spectrum of a
rectangular pulses shows null points exactly
at integer multiples of the frequency given
by the symbol duration.
• The only exception is the center frequency(peak power)
Spectrum Overlapping of multiple OFDM
carriers
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OFDM: Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multi‐Carrier
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OFDM Transmitter
OFDM Receiver
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Solution to ISI: Cyclic Prefix
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Cyclic Prefix
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OFDM Key Parameters
2. Subcarrier Spacing (Δf = 15 KHz)→ The Symbol time is
Tsymbol = 1/ Δf = 66,7μs
Δf
A compromise needed between:
→ Δf as small as possible so that the
symbol time Tsymbol is as large as
possibile.
This is beneficial to solve Intersymbol
Interference in time domain
→ A too small subcarrier spacing it is
increasing the ICI = Intercarrier
Interference due to Doppler effect
TSYMBOL
TCP SYMBOL
TCP
TS
Frequency
Time
Powerdensity
Amplitude
1. Variable Bandwidth (BW)
Frequency
A higher Bandwidth is betterbecause a higher peak data rate
could be achived and also bigger
capacity. Also the physical layer
overhead is lower for higher
bandwidth
Bandwidth options: 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15 and 20 MHz
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3. The number of Subcarriers Nc
→ Nc x Δf = BW
In LTE not all the available channel bandwidth (e.g. 20 MHz) will be used. For the
transmission bandwidth typically 10% guard band is considered (to avoid the out band
emissions).
If BW = 20MHz → Transmission BW = 20MHz – 2MHz = 18 MHz
→ the number of subcarriers Nc = 18MHz/15KHz = 1200 subcarriers
TransmissionBandwidth [RB]
Transmission Bandwidth Configuration [RB]
Channel Bandwidth [MHz]
R
e s o u r c e
b l o c k
C h a n n e
l e d g e
C h a n n e
l e d g e
DC carrier (downlink only)Active Resource Blocks
OFDM Key Parameters
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4. FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) size Nfft
Nfft should be chosen so that:
1. Nfft > Nc number of subcarriers (sampling theorem)
2. Should be a power of 2 (to speed-up the FFT operation)
Therefore for a bandwidth BW = 20 MHz → Nc = 1200 subcarriers not a power of 2
→ The next power of 2 is 2048 → the rest 2048 -1200 = 848 padded with zeros
5. Sampling rate fsThis parameter indicates what is the sampling frequency:
→ fs = Nfft x Δf
Example: for a bandwidth BW = 5 MHz (with 10% guard band)
The number of subcarriers Nc = 4.5 MHz/ 15 KHz = 300
300 is not a power of 2 → next power of 2 is 512 → Nfft = 512
Fs = 512 x 15 KHz = 7,68 MHz → fs = 2 x 3,84 MHz which is the chip rate in UMTS!!
The sampling rate is a multiple of the chip rate
from UMTS/ HSPA. This was acomplished because the
subcarriers spacing is 15 KHz. This means UMTS and LTE
have the same clock timing!
OFDM Key Parameters
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OFDM Key Parameters for FDD and TDD Modes
Bandwidth
(NC×Δf)1.4 MH 3 MHz 5 MHz 10 MHz 15 MHz 20 MHz
Subcarrier Fixed to 15 kHz (7.5kHz defined for MBMS)Spacing (Δf)
Symbol Tsymbol = 1/Δf = 1/15kHz = 66.67μs
duration
Sampling rate,
f S (MHz)
1.92 3.84 7.68 15.36 23.04 30.72
Data
Subcarriers (NC) 72 180 300 600 900 1200
NIFFT
(IFFT Length) 128 320 512 1024 1536 2048
Number ofResource Blocks 6 15 25 50 75 100
Symbols/slot Normal CP=7; extended CP=6
CP length Normal CP=4.69/5.12μsec., Extended CP= 16.67μsec
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SC-FDMA
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SC-FDMA Basic Concept
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OFDMA and SC-FDMA Tx/Rx: Summary
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Comparing OFDMA & SC‐FDMA
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LTE becomes LTE-Advanced with 3GPP Rel10
LTE-A fulfills or exceeds therequirements ofIMT-Advanced defined by ITU
Data rates
Mobility
LTE-Advanced Goals
Enhance macro network performance
Enable efficient use of small cells
More Bandwidth available
Able to achieve higher data rates ( upto 1Gbps in downlink for stationary
users)
Enhance the coverage by increasingdata rates on the cell edge
Meet and exceed capabilities
requested for IMT-Advanced
Backward compatibility
Meet 3GPP operators’ requirements
for LTE evolution
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LTE-A Peak Data Rates with MIMO ExtensionAssuming 2x20 MHz Carrier Aggregation
eNBantennas
UEantennas
1 2 4 8
1
2
4
8 1102
555
304
161
610
305
152
The 500 Mbps targetfor uplink is
exceeded with 4x4and 40 MHzbandwidth
1 Gbps target for DLis exceeded with 8x8
and 40 MHzbandwidth
The larger data ratefor UL is due to less
overhead
Downlink [Mbps] Uplink [Mbps]
64QAM with maximumeffective code rate of9/10 is assumed forboth uplink anddownlink.
Data rate scaleslinearly with number of
component carriers.
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LTE-Advanced:First features standardized in 3GPP Release10
Key aspects in
3GPP Rel.10
• Carrier Bandwidth extension by carrier aggregation
• Downlink: Up to 100 MHz bandwidth with 2 Release 8carriers from different frequency bands
• Uplink: Only single band carrier aggregation
• New codebook for downlink (DL) 8TX MIMO
• Feedback enhancements for DL 2TX/4TX Multiuser MIMO
• 2TX/4TX Uplink Single/Multiuser MIMO
• Single Relay Node architecture based on self-backhauling eNB
• Simple intercell interference coordination in time domain
• Enhancements for office Femto handovers
Heterogeneousnetworks
MIMO 4x8x
Coordinated Multipoint
Relaying
Carrier Aggregation
Carrier1 Carrier nCarrier2
…..
• Coordinated multipoint transmission (CoMP), alsoknown as cooperative system
• Receiving transmission from multiple sectors (not
necessary visible for UE)
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Carrier Aggregation
Mobility
in June 2009
Component Carrier
(LTE rel. 8 Carrier)
Aggregated BW: 30MHz
Aggregated BW: 5x20MHz = 100MHz
20 MHz
300Mbps 300Mbps 300Mbps 300Mbps300Mbps
1.5Gbps
• Up to 100 MHz
• Flexible component carrier aggregation• Different frequency bands
• Asymmetric in UL/DL
10 MHz20 MHz
20 MHz 20 MHz20 MHz20 MHz
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MIMO
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Coordinate Multipoint
Service Area
Relaying
• Cooperation of antennas of multiple sectors
/ sites
• Interference free by coordinated
transmission / reception
• Highest performance potential
• Fast deployment• Coverage with low infrastructure costs
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Heterogeneous Networks
Heterogeneous Networks –
TheCombined Benefit of Wide & Local Area
Wide Area sites
Medium
area sites
Local
area
Local
area
Local
area
Local
area
WLAN
WLANWLAN
Medium
area sites
Local
area
WLAN
WLAN
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LTE- Advance Summary
Beyond 3GPP Rel 10
• Flexible Spectrum Use
• New Spectral Territory
• D2D communication
• …
Technology Building Blocks
• Cooperative Transmission
• Relaying• Enhanced MIMO, Beamforming
• Carrier Aggregation
3GPP Standardization
• Starting with Release 10
• Study Item in final phase
• ITU-R submission
• LTE-A meets all requirements
Operator Benefits
• Full backwards compatibility
• Future proof long term
evolution
• extreme efficiency
Timing
• 2010 LTE 3GPP R9 gets ready
• 2011 ITU will select RITs
• 2011 R10 gets cast in stone
• 2014+ 1st networks with LTE-A
Requirements
• Exceeds all ITU-R requirements
and meets time line
• Fulfilling 3GPP requirements
• Smooth evolution path from
LTE
Self OrganizingNetworks
• Auto-Configuration
• Auto-Tuning
• Auto-Repair
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TH NK YOU