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Wireless Generations1G, 2G & 3G
Syed Azhar Hussain99-CE-282
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2Wireless Generations
Outline
Cellular Network Concept
First Generation
– AMPS
Second Generation
– Cellular Access Technologies
• FDMA, TDMA, CDMA
– GSM
Third Generation
– UMTS
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3Wireless Generations
Cell Concept
Cell phone is basically a radio
Combination of telephone (Alexander Graham Bell) and wireless communications (Guglielmo Marconi)
Originally used powerful radio telephones
– Problems
• Needed to be very powerful
• Not many distinct frequencies (50)
Finally split cities into cells to allow cell reuse and reduce the required power – the cell concept
– Each cell has a tower
– About 800 frequencies across a cell
– Size of cell is about 10 sq. miles
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4Wireless Generations
Basics
Mobile: Any radio terminal that could be moved during operation or a radio
terminal that is attached to a high-speed mobile platform (e.g. a cellular
telephone in a fast moving vehicle) whereas the portable describes a radio
terminal that can be hand-held and used by someone at walking speed.
Subscriber: A mobile or portable user (user pay fee).
Subscriber Unit or Mobile Station: Each user communication device.
Mobiles or Users: Collective group of users in a wireless system. Many users
may actually user portable terminals.
Base Stations: A fixed stations in a mobile radio system used for
communication with mobile stations. They are located at the center or on the
edge of a coverage region and consist of radio channels and transmitter and
receiver antennas mounted on a tower.
Mobile Switching Center: Switching center, which coordinates the routing of
calls in large service area. In a cellular radio system, MSC connects cellular
base station and the mobiles to the PSTN. An MSC is also called a mobile
telephone switching office (MSTSO).
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5Wireless Generations
Basics
Control Channel: Radio Channels used for transmission of call setup, call
request, call initiation and other beacon or control purpose.
Forward Channel: Transmission of information from the base to a mobile
station.
Reverse Channel: Transmission of information from the mobile to a base
station.
Roamer: A mobile station, which operates in a service area (market) other
than that from which service has been subscribe.
Handoff: The process of transferring a mobile station from one channel or
base station to another.
Page: A brief message, which is broadcast over the entire service area.
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6Wireless Generations
Classification
Simplex: Communication is possible in only one direction (no acknowledge) e.g. Paging Systems.
Half duplex: Communication is bi directional but use same channel for both receiving and transmission (push-to-talk and release-to-listen).
Half duplex: Communication is bi directional but allows simultaneous transmission and reception b/w subscriber and base station. Implemented by FDD (frequency division duplex; separate channel) or TDD (time division duplex; adjacent time slots).
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7Wireless Generations
Generic WCS (Wireless Communication System)
Switch
BaseStation
BaseStation
HandsetHandsetPSTN
(Public SwitchedTelephone Network)
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8Wireless Generations
Cellular Communications
CellsRadio Tower FrequenciesClustersFrequency ReuseCell SplittingHandoff
PSTN
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9Wireless Generations
Cellular Call Setup
1. Phone scans for towers for strongest signal on control channel
2.Transmit Mobile Identification Number (MIN), Electronic Serial Number (ESN), and telephone number
3. MTSO sets up call
MobileTelephoneSwitching
OfficeMTSO
Cellular Service SubscriberCar Phone = 2W
Hand Phone = 0.7W
PSTN
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10Wireless Generations
Wireless “Generations”
First Generation (1989)
Analog voice using FM channels
Also called AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System)
Solved the issue of “mobility”
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11Wireless Generations
Multiple Access
The basis for any mobile system is its air interface design, and
particularly the way the common transmission medium is shared
between users, that is, multiple access scheme.
Multiple access scheme defines how the radio spectrum is
divided into channels, and how the channels separate the
different users of the system.FDMA, TDMA, CDMA
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12Wireless Generations
AMPS
AMPS – Advanced Mobile Phone System
Analog cell phone standard deployed across North America
Approved by FCC in 1983 – first deployed in Chicago
Utilizes 824MHz-894MHz frequencies
832 available frequencies
– 790 Voice
– 42 Data (signaling)
30 KHz wide – voice quality
FDMA
NAMPS – Narrowband AMPS –
– 3x AMPS capacity
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13Wireless Generations
Wireless “Generations”
2G - Second Generation (1998)Digital modulation used for speech compressionStill a voice-only network, except for limited circuit switched data capabilitySeveral different system types:– TDMA - time division multiple access– CDMA - code division multiple access– GSM - global mobile system (the original acronym is
French) – Group Special Mobile.Solved the issue of “capacity”
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14Wireless Generations
Cellular Access Technologies
There are three common technologies used by cell phone networks for transmitting information:
Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
– FDMA puts each call on a separate frequency.
Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
– TDMA assigns each call a certain portion of time on a designated frequency.
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
– CDMA gives a unique code to each call and spreads it over the available frequencies.
The last part of each name is multiple access. This simply means that more than one user (multiple) can use (access) each cell.
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15Wireless Generations
FDMA
In a FDMA system, the total system bandwidth is divided into several frequency channels that are allocated to users.
824.04 MHz
893.7 MHz
45 MHz
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16Wireless Generations
TDMA
In a TDMA system, one frequency channel is divided into time slots that are allocated to users, and the users only transmit during their assigned timeslots. Examples of demand-assignment contention less protocols are token bus and token ring LANs described by the IEEE in the 802.4 and 802.5 standards.
824.04 MHz
893.7 MHz
Digital decoding
6.7MS
Digital encoding
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17Wireless Generations
CDMA
CDMA takes an entirely different approach from TDMA. CDMA, after digitizing data, spreads it out over the entire bandwidth it has available. Multiple calls are overlaid over each other on the channel, with each assigned a unique sequence code. CDMA is a form of spread spectrum, which simply means that data is sent in small pieces over a number of the discrete frequencies available for use at any time in the specified range.
Digital decoding
Digital decoding
1850MHz
1990MHzCDMA
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18Wireless Generations
GSM
GSM – Groupe Spécial Mobile
GSM is an international digital cellular standard in Europe, Asia, Australia, and Africa
Originally, the acronym GSM stood for Groupe Spécial Mobile, a group formed by the Conference of European Posts and Telegraphs (CEPT) in 1982 to research the merits of a European standard for mobile telecommunications.
Commercial service using the GSM system did not actually start until 1991.
GSM was developed as a digital system using TDMA technology.
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19Wireless Generations
GSM
GSM uses TDMA
900 MHz – 1800 MHz (Europe and Asia)
1900 MHz (North America)
Used for digital PCS services
One phone for all standard GSM worldwide except North America
To switch providers – switch SIM (subscriber identification modules) cards
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20Wireless Generations
GSM Features
Uses encryption to make phone calls more secure
Data networking
Short Message Service (SMS) for text messages and paging
Call forwarding
Caller ID
Call waiting
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21Wireless Generations
GSM Network Architecture
BTS
BSC TRAU
Um
Abis Ater A PSTN
D
C
MSC
HLR/AuC
BSSNSS
MS
VLR
MS – Mobile StationBSS – Base Station SubsystemBTS – Base Trans StationBSC – Base Station ControllerTRAU - Transcoder / Rate Adaptation UnitMSC – Mobile Switching CentreNSS – Network Switching SubsystemVLR – Visitor Location RegisterHLR – Home Location RegisterAuC – Authentication Centre
MS – Mobile StationBSS – Base Station SubsystemBTS – Base Trans StationBSC – Base Station ControllerTRAU - Transcoder / Rate Adaptation UnitMSC – Mobile Switching CentreNSS – Network Switching SubsystemVLR – Visitor Location RegisterHLR – Home Location RegisterAuC – Authentication Centre
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22Wireless Generations
Evolving Standards and Terminology
1st GenerationAMPS
Bell Wireless AllianceCantel
2nd GenerationIS-95A (CDMA) and IS-136 (TDMA)
Bell Wireless Alliance (CDMA)ATT Rogers (Cantel) (TDMA)Clearnet (CDMA)Microcell (GSM)
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23Wireless Generations
Wireless “Generations”
2.5 Generation
Packet switched data at rates up to 144 kbps
Several different types:
– GPRS - evolved from GSM
– 1xRTT - evolved from CDMA
Will require a Core IP Network
Solves the issue of “mobility” with packet data
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24Wireless Generations
GPRS
GPRS – General Packet Radio Services
An evolution of GSM
Higher speed data services
GPRS has seamless interface capabilities to TCP/IP
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25Wireless Generations
From GSM to GSM/GPRS Network
BTS
BSC TRAU
Um
Abis AterA
PCU
Agprs
FrameRelay
Backbone
Gb Gb
MSC
VLR
PSTN
SGSN
PrivateIP
Backbone
GGSN
Gn Gn
ExternalPacket NetworksIntranet, Internet
Gi
HLR/AuC
D
C
Gr
MS
MS – Mobile StationBSS – Base Station SubsystemBTS – Base Trans StationBSC – Base Station ControllerTRAU - Transcoder / Rate Adaptation UnitMSC – Mobile Switching CentreNSS – Network Switching SubsystemVLR – Visitor Location RegisterHLR – Home Location RegisterAuC – Authentication Centre\SGSN – Serving GPRS Support NodeGGSN – Gateway GPRS Support Node
MS – Mobile StationBSS – Base Station SubsystemBTS – Base Trans StationBSC – Base Station ControllerTRAU - Transcoder / Rate Adaptation UnitMSC – Mobile Switching CentreNSS – Network Switching SubsystemVLR – Visitor Location RegisterHLR – Home Location RegisterAuC – Authentication Centre\SGSN – Serving GPRS Support NodeGGSN – Gateway GPRS Support Node
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26Wireless Generations
Research in Motion
GPRS in Canada/US
BlackBerry
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27Wireless Generations
Wireless “Generations”
3G -Third Generation (future)
Packet switched data at rates up to 2.4 Mbps
ITU standard - standards still evolving
Adds the high data rate component and quality of service parameters
Introduces an Open Standard concept that will foster increased development of wireless applications, much like the Internet.
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28Wireless Generations
UMTS
Universal Mobile Telecommunications SystemThird Generation (3G) TechnologyUses W-CDMA, FDD, TDDPhase 1, called Release 1999 (R99) is an evolution of the GSM network architectureKey features:– Open standards based– all IP in the core– decentralized network– service based
In plain English : a network that will allow IP devices to roam while providing 384 kbps to 2 Mbps access rates.If successful, may become the “World Standard”
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29Wireless Generations
UMTS
Will provide 2 Mbps in a local environment
Will provide 384 kbps at highway velocities
Will use IP over ATM to control different data types:
– controlling data latency and quality
Will use W-CDMA-FDD for macro mobility at 144 kbps
Will use W-CDMA-TDD for micro mobility at 2 Mbps
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30Wireless Generations
UMTS Architecture
UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN)
ATMBackbone
Node B(BTS)
UuRNC - Radio
Network Controller
Iu (CS & PS)
RNC
Iur
Iur
Iu (CS & PS)
Node B(BTS)
Uu
Access Network Core Network
Packet Domain
Circuit DomainUE
UE
ATMBackbone
Iub (ATM)
Iub (ATM)
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31Wireless Generations
UMTS Interfaces
Access Network Core Network
PrivateIP
Backbone
Node B(BTS)
Uu
Iub (ATM)
RNCIu
(CS & PS)
RNC
Iur
Iur
Node B(BTS)
Uu
TRAUMSC
VLR
SGSN
GGSN
Gn Gn
Gi
Iu CS
Iu PS
HLR/AuC
D
C
Gr
UE
UE
PSTN
ExternalPacket
Networks
ATMBackbone
ATMBackbone
Iub (ATM)Iu
(CS & PS)
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32Wireless Generations
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33Wireless Generations