Download - Why study Native American history?
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Why study Native American history?
Modern relevance: The “reconquista”
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Pre-Contact Native American Society
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Native American Origins
• Native accounts
• Scientific explanations
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Iroquois Origin myth
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Scientific explanations of Native American origins
• Bering Strait land bridge– Original migration – Later migrations (Athapascans, Inuits,
Aleuts)
• Local coastal migration (north to south)• Transoceanic migration (from Europe,
Asia, or Polynesia)
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The Bering Land Bridge
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Kennewick Man
• Kennewick man discovered in 1996 in Washington.
• Picture shows an anthropologist’s reconstruction of Kennewick man’s appearance.
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Controversy over Kennewick Man
• Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA)
• Competing explanations for origin: Native American vs European
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What is “Indian”?
• No single native culture
• Not static
• Cultural patterns influenced by environment
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Five examples
• Mexico
• American midwest
• American southwest
• American east coast
• Canada
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The problem of Source Bias
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Mexico
• Sources:– Early explorers’ accounts– Archaeology– Early ethnographies (Sahagun history,
Florentine codex)
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Tenochtitlan
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Teotihuacan
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Florentine Codex
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Nahuatl (Aztec) picture writing
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Mayan hieroglyphics
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American Southwest
• Sources:– Early explorers’ accounts– Native American oral histories– Archaeology
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American Midwest
• Sources: – Early western explorers’ diaries and letters– Archaeology
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Cahokia, near present-day St. Louis, MO: estimated population 20,000
estimated time period: 900-1550 AD
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Trade
• Long-distance trade networks– Examples of trade centers: Chaco, Casas
Grandes, Cahokia
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American East Coast
• Sources:– Early ethnographies (John White, Thomas
Hariot)– Archaeology– Early contact accounts
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John White watercolors
(Engraved and mass-produced by Theodore deBry)
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Secotan, Indian villagein Virginia
Agriculture
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Wampumpeage, or wampum, madefrom shells
Trade and ritual
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Canada
• Sources:– The Jesuit Relations– Other early accounts– Native American oral histories
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Iroquois longhouses
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The French Approach to Colonization
• Trade predominated over settlement– Coureurs de bois
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The Mourning Wars
• The Iroquois Confederation– Senecas, Mohawks, Onondagas, Cayugas,
Oneidas
• Purpose:– Status for warriors– Maintenance of population through captive
taking
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Contact
The Clash of Cultures
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European responses to Native Americans
• European traditions: The Wild man of Germany
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Land Use Patterns
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Gender Roles
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Patterns of Government and Authority
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Religion
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The Columbian Exchange
Biological repercussions of
European colonization of
the New World
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Biological exchange
• Europeans > New World:– Domesticated animals– European grains, plants and weeds– Old World diseases: smallpox, measles,
etc.
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Biological Exchange
• Native Americans > Europe– New World plants: corn, potatoes,
tomatoes, tobacco, etc.– New World diseases: syphilis and tropical
diseases
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• “One night with Venus--a lifetime with Mercury.”
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Impact of Contact
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Population
• Original estimates of precontact Native population of North America: 25,000 in New England; 1,000,000 in North America excluding Mexico (equivalent to population estimate in 1620)
(James Mooney, Aboriginal Population of America North of Mexico, 1928)
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• Current precontact population estimate:– 125,000-145,000 in New England– 4 million to 10 million in North America– 8 million in Hispaniola (down to near zero
in 1535)– 25 million in Mexico (down to 1.3 million in
1600)
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Why the difference?
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Impact of European Contact with the New World
Demographic Disaster for Native Americans
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Contemporary Explanations for Deaths
• Cruelty of the Spanish (The Black Legend)
• “What we have committed in the Indies stands out as one of the most unpardonable offenses committed against God and mankind.”– Bertolome de Las Casas
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Bertolome de las Casas
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Accounts from Primary Records: Mexico
• “When the city fell, ‘the streets, squares, houses, and courts were filled with bodies, so that it was almost impossible to pass. Even Cortes was sick from the stench in his nostrils.”
(Indian testimony of the epidemic during
Hernan Cortes’s seige of Tenochtitlan, 1520)
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Accounts from Primary Records: American East
Coast
• “Within a few dayes after our departure from every such townes, that people began to die very fast, and many in a short space; in some townes about twentie, in some fourtie, in some sixtie, & in one six score, which in trueth was very much in respect to their numbers . . . The disease also was so strange that they neither knew what it was, nor how to cure it; the like by report of the oldest men in the countrey never happened before, time out of mind.”
(Thomas Hariot, account of settlement at Roanoke, 1587)
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Accounts from Primary Records: Canada
• The Indians “are astonished and often complain that, since the French mingle with and carry on trade with them, they are dying fast and the population is thinning out. For they assert that, before this association and intercourse, all their countries were very populous and they tell how one by one the different coasts, according as they have begun to traffic with us, have been more reduced by disease.”
(The Jesuit Relations, on New France, 1616)
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Cause: Epidemic Disease
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Contributing Factors
• Virgin population
• Native Americans’ lack of domesticated animals
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Impact of Depopulation
• Increased conflict between Indians and Europeans
• Power vacuum among Indian groups• Impression of Europeans as powerful,
“gods”• Justification for ideas of vacuum
domicilium
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Consequences of Cultural Interaction
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Trade
• Benefits:– Metal cooking pots could be placed directly
on fire– Metal tools allowed Indian arts and crafts
to become more complex– Firearms made hunting easier– Competition for Indian market gave natives
leverage with Europeans
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Trade
• Consequences:– De-skilling– Competition for trade led to war– Spread of disease
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Alliances
• Benefits:– Assistance against more powerful native
groups (aftermath of epidemics)– Favored status in trade
• Drawbacks:– Resentment of other tribes– Escalation of arms race