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orWhy use the best?
Bo Karlsson
Why seed orchard seeds?
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Skogforsk in brief
• Forestry and the Government in collaboration
• Applied research and development• R&D for sustainable and profitable
forestry• Over 100 employees, in three locations• Communication of knowledge• Research areas:
- Forest Production- Wood Supply
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The short answer: There is a need for wood
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Increased wood demand requires increased growth
From Report 25/2008 Skogsstyrelsen. SKA08
Historic
Prediction
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Other reasons• Nordic forest industry competes on a global market • Environmental reasons
• Absorb CO2
• Substitute fossil fuels, steel, concrete, plastic, cotton…• Valuable (high) production on certain sites allows
diversity/conservation on other sites• Too long an investment to not use the best• Possible to adjust material to a changing climate
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Improved seeds• Are tested• Known properties• Grow/survive better
• Epigenetic effects (?)• Physiological effects (+)
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Unimproved stand seeds• Harvested in often clear-cut stands
• Not repeatable• No test results until the seeds are already
used• Difficult to control the whole chain
• ”In 1978, 200 kg of seeds were harvested in provenance X of which Sweden bought 2 ton”
• Dependent on trade policies (rapid changes)
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Seed orchards• Selected and tested
• Progeny tests• Realised gain tests
• Repeatable: “The same crop” every year• Process controlled by regulations• Possible to change parent frequencies
• Genetic thinning• Selective harvests• Rolling clone contribution
• Pollen contamination (-)
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Genetic gain in
breeding population
Meanwhile: 14 billion plants are planted in Sweden
Realised gain in conventional seed
orchards
År
But, seed orchards are slow
Two seed orchard establishmentsPollen contamination
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Volvo new XC90 – delivery 2054 Volvo new XC90
volvocars.se
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Breedingfront 35
%
TreO 25 %
EttO TvåO 10 %
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Is it important to use the best?
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Norway spruce
0
10 000
20 000
30 000
40 000
50 000
60 000
70 000
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
SEK/ha
Genetic gain (%)
Land expectation value
G32
G28
G24
Timber prices, summer 2014Plant price: 2.50 Sek2300 plants/haInterest rate 2,5 %
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Norway spruce
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
SEK/plant
Genetic gain (%)
Additional room for investment/gain
G32
G28
G24
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Propagation techniquesfor the best improvedseeds
• Vegetative bulk propagation – family forestry• Rooted cuttings• SE (Somatic embryogenesis)
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Rooted cuttings• Reliable technique• Used since the 70:ies
• total ~30 million plants• 1 million plants/year
• Price + 2 Sek/plant
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SE (Somatic embryogenesis)
• Powerful • Technique being developed• Pilot production on its way
• Price + ?? Sek/plant
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Can we get better pine?• Genetic thinning/selective harvest• ”Indoor” seed orchards
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Selective harvest in Scots pine seed orchard T19:2 Gotthardsberg
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0 pollen contamination
”Indoor” seed orchards outdoors.
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Scots pine
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
SEK/plant
Genetic gain (%)
Additional room for investment/gainT28
T24
T20-15 000
-10 000
-5 000
0
5 000
10 000
15 000
20 000
25 000
30 000
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
SEK/ha
Genetic gain (%)
Land expectation value
T28
T24
T20
Timber prices, summer 2014Plant price: 2.50 Sek2300 plants/haInterest rate 2,5 %
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Make sure that your seedlingmakes a tree
• Produce good plants• Proper site preparation• Protect against weevils and browsing• Early non commercial thinning
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Seed orchards for healty plants• Ash Sweden/Denmark • Cronartium in pine Sweden
Chalara fraxinea
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Improved wood quality
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3
Twis
t (m
m)
Spiral grain angle
Breeding value for clonein N.s. seed orchard Maglehem
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Seeds for introduced species
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So, why use the best?
• Creates opportunities for• the owner• the nation• and the world
• Plants are designed for the future• The next chance comes in 60 years
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