Who does researchin Developing Countries ?
AGED 4713Fall 2002
M. Corro 2
Introduction
Why is Agricultural research important?
Importance of IARC’sTypes of Agricultural research Relationship between IARC and NARS What is a NARS Types of NARS’s Examples of NARS’s
M. Corro 3
Why is Agricultural research important?
Help to improve developmenteconomic growth poverty alleviationrural developmentimprove management of natural resources
Ag research is central for boosting productivity
It is the primary engine of the economic growth
M. Corro 4
Importance of International Ag. Research Centers
Mission of IARC (CGIAR)
To contribute to food security and poverty eradication in developing countries through research, partnership, capacity building, and policy support, promoting sustainable agricultural development based on the environmentally sound management of natural resources.
Source: www.cgiar.org
M. Corro 5
Importance of International Ag. Research Centers
The IARC's research agenda focuses on both strategic and applied research.
This includes:Problems affecting agricultural productivity
and links these problems to broader concerns
Poverty reduction,
Sustainable management of natural resources,
Protection of biodiversity
Rural development.
M. Corro 6
The CGIAR focuses on five major research
Increasing Productivity Protecting the Environment Saving Biodiversity Improving Policies Strengthening National Research
M. Corro 7
Relationship between IARC and NARS
Strengthening national agricultural research in developing countries through side-by-side working relationships with colleagues in national programs, strengthening skills in research administration and management, and formal training programs for research staff.
M. Corro 8
Types of research
Basic Strategic Applied Adaptive/on farm level
M. Corro 9
Types of research
Basic Research: is undertaken to develop knowledge for its own sake. Without no predetermined use in short term.
Example: Gene research
M. Corro 10
Types of research
Strategic Research: is aimed at solving those problems which affect several regions of the world or a country. Try to response why ? And how? Example:
Identifying new varieties Tillage Practices
M. Corro 11
Types of research
Applied Research: is aimed to answer current problems in a particular state, region or county.
Example: Response to fertilization Estrus synchronization
programs
M. Corro 12
Types of research
Adaptive/Farm Level Research: involves the identification, through experimentation on farms, of the specific combination of crop and animal production practices that will provide maximum productivity on those farm
Example: Field demonstration, comparison between new practice and the farmer practice
M. Corro 13
Who does Agricultural Research in Developing Countries
Federal Government: Ministry of Agriculture
Agricultural Universities Private Sector: Non-governmental Organizations All of the above,
National Agricultural Research System (NARC)
M. Corro 14
NARS definition:
National Agricultural Research Systems (NARS)
The NARS in Developing countries include all the various national organizations which undertake agricultural research in their respective countries.
M. Corro 15
Responsibility of NARS:
To conduct research to develop and adapt technology and to participate in the transfer of
technology.
M. Corro 16
Advantages of NARS
Direct institutional /client linkages Close proximity to farmer’s problems Ability to collect field-level data
relatively inexpensively
On-site staff and facilities Effective conduit for communicating
development strategy and policies to policy makers
M. Corro 17
Types of NARS
Publicly supported (centralized) Collaborative federal/state agricultural
research systems (decentralized ) Endowed research institutes Agricultural Universities Private sector research institutes Non-governmental Organizations Multinational, regional research
institutes
M. Corro 18
Publicly supported (centralized)
Systems that are dependencies of , controlled by, and receive their financial support from the Ministry of Agriculture or other ministry in the federal government.
Examples: Brazil: Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuaria
(Embrapa) Kenya: Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI) Pakistan: Pakistan Agricultural Research Council
(PARC)
M. Corro 19
EMBRAPA: Brazilian Agricultural Research Institute
Embrapa's mission is to provide feasible solutions for the sustainable development of the Brazilian agribusiness by generating, adapting and transferring knowledge and technology that benefits the Brazilian Society.
http://www.embrapa.br/english/
M. Corro 20
Embrapa coordinates the National Agricultural Research System with cooperated institutions carrying out research in geographical areas or in defined fields of scientific knowledge.
Networking through 37 research units. 2 045 researchers.
47% master's
49% Ph D’s
M. Corro 21
Collaborative federal/state agricultural research systems
(decentralized ) Systems that channel federal, state, private
sector, and producers (commodity associations) funding to semi-autonomous state level research and extension programs.
Programs are commodity linked with disciplinary, cross commodity programs
Research/extension linkage: close, assembling/adapting technology to producers’ needs.
Example: Mexico: INIFAP
Agricultural, Livestock , Rural Development, Fishing and Food
Secretariat
www.sagarpa.gob.mx
M. Corro 23
Institutions funded by SAGARPA
www.sagarpa.gob.mx
Semi-autonomous
Teaching
Research
Extension
M. Corro 24
Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias
The National Institute of Forestry, Livestock and Agricultural Research
www.inifap.conacyt.mx
M. Corro 25
Collaborative federal/state agricultural research systems (decentralized )
Funded by Federal State Producers in every state have a foundation
(Fundacion Produce)
M. Corro 26
Objectives
To develop and strengthen National Strategic Research
To promote applied research and technology transfer
To support research for sustainable natural resources management
M. Corro 27
Researchers by Academic Degree 2002
Academic degree Number %
Bachelor 229 19
Master 696 59
Doctorate 260 22
Total 1185 * 100
*6.3% are in Graduate College
M. Corro 28
Distribution of researchers by area 2002
Area Number %
Forestry 140 12
Crops 760 64
Livestock 285 24
Total 1185 100
M. Corro 29
8 Regional Research Centers (CIR)81 Research Stations
6 National Centers
M. Corro 30
Research Programs are commodity linked with disciplinary programs
108 Crops Avocado Beans Barley Cacao Corn Citrus Chile Coffee Cotton Mango Rice Soybean Wheat
Disciplinary areas Biotechnology Entomology Integrated resources
Management Plant genetics Irrigation systems Rain fed land
management Mechanization Biofertilization Corn Protein gene(opaco)
M. Corro 31
Livestock Dairy Cattle Dual Purpose Sheep Goat Red deer Pig Poultry Honey Bee
Disciplinary programs Animal health
Epidemiology Parasitology Microbiology
Nutrition Reproduction Genetics Biothecnology
Research Programs are commodity
linked with disciplinary programs
M. Corro 32
Technology transfer programs
M. Corro 33
Agricultural universities
Institutions of higher learning that provide undergraduate and graduate education and grant related degrees, conduct research, and distribute information to agricultural sector clientele.
M. Corro 34
Agricultural universities
Autonomous, some semi-autonomous Structure: Centralized Funding sources: Public-federal and
state Nature of programs: education; some
research and extension Limited research Limited extension linkages Linkage with international/multinational
programs
M. Corro 35
Agricultural universities in Mexico
supported by Ministry of AgricultureUniversidad Autonoma Agraria
Antonio Narro, Saltillo Coahuila
Universidad Autonoma Chapingo, Texcoco Estado de Mexico
Colegio de Postgraduados en Ciencias Agricolas,
Texcoco Estado de Mexico
M. Corro 36
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México UNAM
Decentralized Autonomous Funded by Federal Government:
Secretary of Education UNAM Foundation: private support (10%) Competitive funds for research: CONACYT
Mission: Teaching, Research and Outreach
M. Corro 37
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México UNAM
85 % of research in Mexico Comprehensive University (4-6 years) 68 Colleges offer 130 careers
(269 000 Students) Faculty (College) of Veterinary Medicine and
Zootechnics ( 2 campuses >3500 students) Faculty of Agricultural Sciences (1000
students)
M. Corro 38
Summary
Importance of Agricultural research?
Types of Agricultural research
Relationship between IARC and NARS
Who does research in developing countries: the NARS
Examples of NARS