![Page 1: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
White Oak High School – Mr. Morton
![Page 2: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Tonal Harmony Chapters 1-4
THE KEYBOARD AND OCTAVE REGISTERS
![Page 3: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Pitch: refers to the highness and lowness of
sound
Musical Alphabet
7 pitches: A, B, C, D, E, F, G
The Keyboard
88 total keys
C nearest the middle of the keyboard is known as
“Middle C” or C4.
![Page 4: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Hint: Left of every set of 2 black keys is “C”
Left of every set of 3 black keys is “F”
![Page 5: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
C4/middle C
![Page 6: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Octave: the distance of 8 diatonic steps or
12 half steps; distance from one note up or
down to its next occurrence (i.e. C4 to C5,
G4 to G5, Bb4 to Bb5, etc.)
![Page 7: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Notation on the Staff
Staff: arrangement of 5 lines and 4 spaces that can
be extended through the use of ledger lines
▪ Indicates the precise pitch desired
Staff
Ledger Lines
![Page 8: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Notation on the Staff
Clef: symbol which indicates which pitches are to
be associated with which lines and spaces
▪ 4 clefs: treble, bass, alto, tenor
Clef
![Page 9: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
![Page 10: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
![Page 11: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
![Page 12: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
![Page 13: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
![Page 14: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
![Page 15: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
How do you identify note names quickly?
Relate everything back to home base (i.e. treble clef)
For Bass Clef: What is the note on the line or space
above current note in treble clef?
For Alto Clef: What is name of the note in the space
or on the line above the current note in treble clef?
For Tenor Clef: Depending on the location of the
note, what is name of the note in the space or on the
line below the current note in treble clef?
![Page 16: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Grand Staff: combination of two staves
joined by a brace, with the top and bottom
staves using treble and bass clefs, respectively
![Page 17: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Independent Practice (in class)
Complete Self-Test 1-1 in Tonal Harmony
Textbook
Create flash cards for one clef of difficulty
Independent Practice (at home)
Complete Exercise 1-1 in Tonal Harmony
Workbook
Ricci Adam’s MusicTheory.net
![Page 18: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Tonal Harmony Chapters 1-4
THE MAJOR SCALE
![Page 19: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Notation
Music is a form of communication
Very important to have clean and correctly written
manuscript
Music cannot be played or distinguished if it
cannot be read, or if the rules for notation are not
followed
“Standard Practice of Music Notation” (PDF)
![Page 20: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
The Major Scale
Major Scale: a specific pattern of half steps and
whole steps encompassing an octave
Major Scale Pattern: W-W-H-W-W-W-H
![Page 21: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
The Major Scale
Half Step: the distance from a key on the piano
to the very next adjacent key, white or black
![Page 22: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
The Major Scale
Using only white keys, there are only 2 half steps in
each octave.
H H
![Page 23: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
The Major Scale
Whole Step: the distance between two non-
adjacent keys; equals 2 half-steps
![Page 24: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
The Major Scale
Using only white keys, there are only 5 whole
steps in each octave.
W W W W W
![Page 25: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
C Major Scale
Note
Name
C D E F G A B C
Scale
Degree #
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8/1
H H W W W W W
![Page 26: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
C Major Scale
W W
H H
W W W
![Page 27: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
What happens if we examine the steps on the
white keys from G to G? Is it the same pattern?
W W
H H
W W W
![Page 28: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Accidental: symbol that raises or lowers a pitch
by a half or whole step
Ascend/Go Higher: use a sharp
Descend/Go Down: use a flat
X Double sharp Raises a whole step
# Sharp Raise a half step
Natural Cancel a previous accidental
b Flat Lower a half step
bb Double flat Lower a whole step
![Page 29: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
How do you write a major scale?
Write or notate the pitches for the scale that is to be written
(i.e. G, A, B, C, D, E, F, G)
Write the major scale pattern between the note names or
pitches.
Using the keyboard template, follow the major scale pattern
adjusting pitches as needed with a sharp or flat.
▪ Remember to not mix sharps with flats or vice versa
![Page 30: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
G Major Scale
Note
Name
G A B C D E F# G
Scale
Degree #
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8/1
H H W W W W W
![Page 31: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Independent Practice (in class)
Complete Self-Test 1-2 (Part A) in Tonal
Harmony Textbook
Independent Practice (at home)
Complete Exercise 1-2 (Part A) in Tonal
Harmony Workbook
![Page 32: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Tonal Harmony Chapters 1-4
THE MINOR SCALE
![Page 33: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
The Minor Scale
3 Different Types of Minor Scales
▪ Natural Minor
▪ Harmonic Minor
▪ Melodic Minor
2 Ways of Writing Minor Scales
▪ Parallel: major and minor keys that share the same
starting note
▪ Relative: major and minor keys that share the same key
signatures
![Page 34: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Natural Minor (lowered 3rd, 6th, 7th)
Minor Scale Pattern: W-H-W-W-H-W-W
This is an example of a parallel minor key
C Major C D E F G A B C
Scale
Degree #
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8/1
C Natural
Minor
C D Eb F G Ab Bb C
H
H W W W W W
![Page 35: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Harmonic Minor (lowered 3rd, 6th)
Minor Scale Pattern: W-H-W-W-H-A2-H
This is an example of a parallel minor key
C Major C D E F G A B C
Scale
Degree #
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8/1
C Harm.
Minor
C D Eb F G Ab B C
H
H W A2 W W H
![Page 36: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Melodic Minor (lowered 3rd ascending)
Minor Scale Pattern: W-H-W-W-W-W-H (asc.)
Descending form is the same as natural min.
(lower 3,6,7)
C Major C D E F G A B C
Scale
Degree #
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8/1
C Melodic
Minor
C D Eb F G A B C
H
W W W W W H
![Page 37: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Parallel Minor Scales (in a nutshell)
*Only use for
Parallel Minor
*Use for both Parallel
and Relative Minor Keys
Natural Minor Lower 3, 6, 7 W-H-W-W-H-W-W
Harmonic Minor Lower 3, 6 W-H-W-W-H-A2-H
Melodic Minor Lower 3 (asc.)
Lower 3,6,7 (desc.)
W-H-W-W-W-W-H
![Page 38: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
![Page 39: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Natural Minor
Minor Scale Pattern: W-H-W-W-H-W-W
This is an example of a relative minor key (use
same key signature)
C Major C D E F G A B C
Scale
Degree #
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8/1
A Natural
Minor
A B C D E F G A
H
H W W W W W
![Page 40: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Harmonic Minor (raised 7th)
Minor Scale Pattern: W-H-W-W-H-A2-H
This is an example of a relative minor key (use
same key signature)
C Major C D E F G A B C
Scale
Degree #
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8/1
C Harm.
Minor
A B C D E F G# A
H
H W A2 W W H
![Page 41: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Melodic Minor (raised 6th and 7th)
Minor Scale Pattern: W-H-W-W-W-W-H (asc.)
Descending form is the same as natural minor
form (lower 6, 7)
C Major C D E F G A B C
Scale
Degree #
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8/1
A Melodic
Minor
A B C D E F# G# A
H
W W W W W H
![Page 42: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Relative Minor Scales (in a nutshell)
*Only use for
Relative Minor
*Use for both Parallel
and Relative Minor Keys
Natural Minor Key Signature W-H-W-W-H-W-W
Harmonic Minor Raise 6 W-H-W-W-H-A2-H
Melodic Minor Raise 6, 7 (asc.)
Lower 6, 7 (desc.)
W-H-W-W-W-W-H
![Page 43: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
![Page 44: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Parallel vs. Relative
Sometimes it is better to write using a relative approach since a#, d#, and g# minor do not have parallel major keys.
It is important to remember that when you use the relative approach, the key signature for any minor scale conforms to the natural minor scale and that accidentals MUST be used to spell the other forms (i.e. harmonic and melodic)
![Page 45: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
How do you write minor scales from a parallel major key?
Write or notate the pitches of the scale of the major key (i.e. A, B, C#, D, E, F#, G#, A).
▪ Make sure you have the correct key signature/accidentals.
Ask yourself which notes are going to be lowered, depending upon the type of minor scale (i.e. natural, harmonic, melodic).
Alter the accidentals of the major scale accordingly.
NOTE: For melodic minor, write the descending form of the scale in the natural minor form.
![Page 46: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
How do you write minor scales from a relative major key? Determine the starting pitch of the minor scale, or of the
major key. ▪ Minor 3rd (3 half steps) below
▪ To find out the major key from the minor, you need to go a Minor 3rd (3 half steps) above
Write the scale being asked and transfer the major scales key signature.
Ask yourself which notes are going to be raised/not raised, depending upon the type of minor scale (i.e. natural, harmonic, melodic).
NOTE: For melodic minor, write the descending form of the scale in the natural minor form.
![Page 47: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Independent Practice (in class)
Complete Self-Test 1-3 (Part A) in Tonal
Harmony Textbook
Independent Practice (at home)
Complete Exercise 1-3 (Part A & B) in Tonal
Harmony Workbook
![Page 48: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Tonal Harmony Chapters 1-4
MAJOR KEY SIGNATURES
![Page 49: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Major Key Signatures
One way to learn major scales is by the means of
the pattern of whole and half steps discussed
earlier.
Another is by memorizing the key signatures
associated with the various scales
![Page 50: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Major Key Signatures
Key: term used in music to identify the first
degree of a scale (i.e. the key of G major refers to
the major scale that begins on G)
Key Signature: a pattern of sharps or flats that
appears at the beginning of a staff (and indicates
that certain notes are to be consistently raised or
lowered)
▪ 7 sharp and 7 flat key signatures
![Page 51: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Major Key Signatures
Key Signature:
![Page 52: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Major Key Signatures
![Page 53: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Major Key Signatures
There are 3 pairs of major keys that would sound
exactly the same (i.e. played on the very same keys
of the keyboard)
▪ B Major = Cb Major
▪ F# Major = Gb Major
▪ C# Major = Db Major
Enharmonic: notes that are spelled differently,
but sound the same (same note, different name)
![Page 54: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Major Key Signatures
![Page 55: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Major Key Signatures
If two keys are not enharmonic, then they are
transpositions of each other
Transpose: to write or play music in some key
other than the original
![Page 56: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Major Key Signatures
All key signatures must be memorized (both the
number of accidentals and the order and
placement on the staff)….GEE WHIZ!
Order of Sharps: F-C-G-D-A-E-B
▪ “Fred Can Get Down After Eating Breakfast”
Order of Flats: B-E-A-D-G-C-F
▪ “BEAD Greatest Common Factor”
![Page 57: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Notation of Key Signatures in Clefs
![Page 58: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Major Key Signatures
Circle of Fifths: a diagram like the face of a clock
that aids in the memorization of key signatures.
Each new key in the Circle of Fifths begin on the
fifth scale degree (5) of the previous key
The circle's design is helpful in composing and
harmonizing melodies, building chords, and moving
to different keys within a composition.
![Page 59: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
![Page 60: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
How to identify and name key signatures?
Sharp Keys: raise the last sharp of the key
signature 1 half step
Flat Keys: the next-to-last flat of the key
signature gives you the name of the major key
▪ EXCEPTION: F major (only has 1 flat in the key
signature)
![Page 61: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
How to write key signatures?
2 Methods
▪ Order of Sharps or Flats
▪ Circle of Fifths
![Page 62: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Order of Sharps and Flats
Write the Order of Sharps and Flats ▪ FCGDAEB
▪ BEADGCF
Ask yourself, “Is this a sharp or flat key?”
Find out the number of flats or sharps in the key being asked by looking at the Order of Sharps or Flats.
Write the key signature on the staff following “The Order” until you have the desired number of flats/sharps
Double-check by using the method of identifying key signatures.
EXAMPLE
![Page 63: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Circle of Fifths
Draw the Circle of Fifths
Ask yourself, “Is this a sharp or flat key?”
Find out the number of flats or sharps in the key being asked by looking at the Circle of Fifths.
Write the key signature on the staff following the Order of Sharps or Flats until you have the desired number of flats/sharps
Double-check by using the method of identifying key signatures.
EXAMPLE
![Page 64: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
How do I apply this to writing a major scale?
Write or notate the pitches of the desired scale.
Find out the key signature of the desired scale.
Apply key signature to the appropriate notes in
the scale.
▪ This alleviates the tedious/slow method of using the
major scale pattern (WWHWWWH)
BAM! You’re Done!
EXAMPLE
![Page 65: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Independent Practice (in class)
Complete Self-Test 1-2 (Part B & C) in Tonal
Harmony Textbook
Independent Practice (at home)
Complete Exercise 1-2 (Part B, C, & D) in
Tonal Harmony Workbook
![Page 66: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Tonal Harmony Chapters 1-4
MINOR KEY SIGNATURES
![Page 67: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Minor Key Signatures
Conform to the natural minor scale, no matter
which minor scale type is actually in use
The Circle of Fifths is a convenient way to display
names of the minor keys and their relative
majors, as well as their key signatures
![Page 68: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
How to write minor key signatures?
You can use the same 2 methods! WOW!
▪ Order of Sharps or Flats
▪ Circle of Fifths
![Page 69: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Order of Sharps and Flats Write the Order of Sharps and Flats
▪ FCGDAEB
▪ BEADGCF
Count up 3 half steps from the note of the minor key signature being asked to find the relative major key and its key signature
Ask yourself, “Is this a sharp or flat key?”
Find out the number of flats or sharps in the key being asked by looking at the Order of Sharps or Flats.
Write the key signature on the staff following “The Order” until you have the desired number of flats/sharps
Double-check by using the method of identifying key signatures and counting down 3 half steps.
EXAMPLE
![Page 70: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Circle of Fifths Draw the Circle of Fifths
▪ Start “A” on 0 and count up and down to fill in circle with minor key names
Ask yourself, “Is this a sharp or flat key?” (right vs. left side)
Find out the number of flats or sharps in the key being asked by looking at the Circle of Fifths.
Write the key signature on the staff following the Order of Sharps or Flats until you have the desired number of flats/sharps
Double-check by using the method of identifying key signatures and counting down 3 half steps
EXAMPLE
![Page 71: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Independent Practice (in class)
Complete Self-Test 1-3 (Part B & C) in Tonal
Harmony Textbook
Independent Practice (at home)
Complete Exercise 1-3 (Part C, D, & E) in Tonal
Harmony Workbook
![Page 72: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Tonal Harmony Chapters 1-4
INTERVALS – MAJOR, MINOR, PERFECT
![Page 73: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Intervals
Interval: measurement of the distance in pitch
between two notes
![Page 74: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Intervals
Harmonic Interval: created when two notes
are played at the same time
Melodic Interval: created when two notes are
played successively
![Page 75: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Intervals
2 Parts to an Interval Name
▪ Numerical Name (i.e. 1, 2, 5, 7, etc.)
▪ Modifier/Quality that Precedes the Numerical Name (i.e.
Major, Minor, Perfect, etc.)
![Page 76: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
Intervals
Unison: term used for an interval of 1
Octave: term used for an interval of 8
We refer to interval of 2 as 2nd, 3 as 3rd, 4 as 4th,
etc.
Simple Interval: interval smaller than an octave
Compound Interval: interval an octave or
larger
![Page 77: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
INDEPENDENT PRACTICE
![Page 78: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
Learning Modifiers for Intervals
Easiest way is to relate modifiers to the intervals
contained in the major scale, from scale degree 1
up to the other scale degrees
Modifiers/Quality (applies to compound intervals)
▪ Perfect (P): unison, 4th, 5th, octaves (8ves)
▪ Major (M): 2nd, 3rd, 6th, 7th
▪ Minor (m): 2nd, 3rd, 6th, 7th
![Page 79: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Any major scale will have the same type of intervals.
This will be different for minor scales.
![Page 80: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
How to identify intervals?
Numerical Name
▪ Count the distance between the two pitches starting with the
bottom note.
Quality
▪ Find out the major key signature of the bottom note.
▪ This is one reason why you should know your key signatures!
▪ Ask yourself if the top note occurs in the given scale. If so,
apply quality for given scale degree (i.e. P, M, m, etc.)
▪ If not, ask yourself how the top note has been altered (raised,
lowered, etc.) and apply appropriate quality.
![Page 81: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
Augmented
Major
Minor
Diminished
Augmented
Perfect
Diminished
1/2 Step
1/2 Step
1/2 Step
1/2 Step
1/2 Step
![Page 82: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
How to write intervals?
Top Note
▪ Count, alphabetically, the distance from the bottom note up to
the desired interval and notate this pitch
Quality of the Top Note
▪ Find out the major key signature of the bottom note.
▪ This is one reason why you should know your key signatures!
▪ Ask yourself if the top note occurs in the given scale. Does
the top note fit the interval being asked?
▪ If not, ask yourself how the top note can be altered (raised,
lowered, etc.) to match the appropriate quality.
![Page 83: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
Independent Practice (in class)
Complete Self-Test 1-5 (Part B & C) in Tonal
Harmony Textbook
Independent Practice (at home)
Complete Exercise 1-5 (Part A, B, & C 1-20) in
Tonal Harmony Workbook
![Page 84: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
Tonal Harmony Chapters 1-4
INTERVALS – AUGMENTED, DIMINISHED, INVERSIONS
![Page 85: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
Additional Intervals
Augmented (A or +): when a major or perfect interval is raised one half step
Diminished (d or o): when a perfect or minor interval is lowered one half step
Tritone: term used for an augmented 4th or its enharmonic equivalent, the diminished 5th
No such thing as a diminished unison!
Doubly augmented and doubly diminished intervals are possible but rare
![Page 86: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
Identifying/Writing Augmented and
Diminished Intervals
Same process as Major, Minor, and Perfect Intervals
It’s simple as long as you know the relationship
between intervals…
EXAMPLES
![Page 87: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
Augmented
Major
Minor
Diminished
Augmented
Perfect
Diminished
1/2 Step
1/2 Step
1/2 Step
1/2 Step
1/2 Step
![Page 88: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
NAME THAT TUNE!!
![Page 89: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
Interval Inversion
Interval Inversion: inverting an interval to
where the lower note become the upper note, or
vice versa
▪ Numerical Name will change
▪ Modifier will change, EXCEPT for Perfect
intervals
![Page 90: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
Interval Inversion
New numerical name can be calculated by
subtracting current interval from 9
▪ Example: 9 – 2 (current interval)= 7 (new interval name)
Modifiers
Old Modifier m M P + o
New Modifier M m P o +
![Page 91: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
![Page 92: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
Interval Inversion
In tonal music, some harmonic intervals are
considered to be consonant and dissonant
Consonant: pleasing to the ear
▪ Major/Minor 3rd, 6th
▪ Perfect 4th, 5th, 8ves
Dissonant: not pleasing to the ear
▪ All other harmonic intervals, except P4 (considered
dissonant only when it occurs above the bass)
![Page 93: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
Independent Practice (in class)
Complete selected exercises from Self-Test 1-6
in Tonal Harmony Textbook
Independent Practice (at home)
Complete Exercise 1-6 in Tonal Harmony
Workbook
![Page 94: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
Tonal Harmony Chapter 28
THE DIATONIC MODES & SYNTHETIC SCALES
![Page 95: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
The Diatonic Modes (The 7 Church Modes)
Mode: refers to a type of scale with a set of
characteristic melodic behaviors
Tradition used during music of the Middle Ages
Inspired by the theory of Ancient Greek music
Modes were have thought to impart/evoke certain
“characters” in people
![Page 96: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
![Page 97: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
The Diatonic Modes (The 7 Church Modes)
Simplest way to represent each of the diatonic
modes is by using the tones of the C Major scale,
with a tone, other than C, serving as the tonal
center for each mode
![Page 98: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
![Page 99: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
Each mode has distinctively marked half steps which classifies it as a certain mode
Ionian: 3-4, 7-8 (major scale)
Dorian: 2-3, 6-7
Phrygian: 1-2, 5-6
Lydian: 4-5, 7-8
Mixolydian: 3-4, 6-7
Aeolian: 2-3, 5-6 (natural minor scale)
Locrian: 1-2, 4-5
![Page 100: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
![Page 101: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
Each mode has distinctively marked half steps which classifies it as a certain mode
Ionian: 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8
Lydian: 1,2,3,#4,5,6,7,8
Mixolydian: 1,2,3,4,5,6,b7,8
Aeolian: 1,2,b3,4,5,b6,b7,8
Dorian: 1,2,b3,4,5,6,b7,8
Phrygian: 1,b2,b3,4,5,b6,b7,8
Locrian: 1,b2,b3,4,b5,b6,b7,8
Primarily Major
Primarily Minor
![Page 102: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
How to create a scale for a specific mode?
Ask yourself, “Is this a primarily major or minor
mode?”
Apply the accidentals for the major or minor
(b3,b6,b7) scale.
Apply the appropriate accidentals according to the
mode being asked to create (i.e. Lydian, #4)
![Page 103: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
Ionian and Aeolian modes are identical to
major and natural minor scales, respectively
All other modes (except Locrian) may be likened
to either major or natural minor with one
alteration
Modes can be transposed to any of the 12 major
keys
The modes help to show the relationship between
the different scales based on the half steps
![Page 104: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
Best examples of modal melodies are found in
the folk music of certain countries
England, Balkan, and Slavic nations
Interest in modes has resurfaced in various
periods of music
Impressionism (Debussy, Ravel)
Today (Jazz and Rock Music)
![Page 105: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
The Pentatonic Scale
Five note scales have played a significant role in
music, especially non-Western Music
Pentatonic: literally denotes any five-note scale
Three major pentatonic scales:
▪ Major Pentatonic
▪ Minor Pentatonic
▪ Hirajoshi
![Page 106: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
![Page 107: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
Major Pentatonic (no half steps or tritones) C-D-E-G-A-C
2 2 3 2 2 Minor Pentatonic
C-Eb-F-G-Bb-C
3 2 2 3 2 Hirajoshi
C-D-Eb-G-Ab-C
2 1 4 1 4 All 3 pitch collections may be be viewed as
subset of a diatonic scale
![Page 108: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
Synthetic Scales
Pitch collections thus far have been a clear
resemblance to scales or fragments of scales
Composers also make extensive use of synthetic
scales…limited only by the composer’s imagination
Three Interesting
▪ Whole-Tone Scale
▪ Octatonic Scale
▪ Hexatonic Scale
![Page 109: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
The Whole-Tone Scale
Composed entirely of adjacent Major 2nds (or
whole tones)
Juxtaposition of 2 augmented triads
Only allows for intervals of a M2, M3, and Tritone
▪ Creates an elusive, tonally ambiguous quality
Used widely by Debussy
![Page 110: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/110.jpg)
![Page 111: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/111.jpg)
The Octatonic Scale
Derived from the juxtaposition of two traditional sonorities (2 diminished 7th chords)
Repeated series of half-whole or whole-half step successions
▪ W-H-W-H-W-H-W or H-W-H-W-H-W-H
▪ Whether you begin on C or Db, the same collection of notes results
Employed by the Russian Five
▪ Scriabin, Stravinsky, Bartók, Debussy, Messiaen
![Page 112: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/112.jpg)
![Page 113: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/113.jpg)
The Hexatonic Scale
Six-note collection derived from the juxtaposition
of 2 augmented triads at the interval of a half step
Created through a succession of half step/minor
thirds or minor third/half steps
▪ 1/2-m3-1/2-m3-1/2-m3 or m3-1/2-m3-1/2, etc.
![Page 114: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/114.jpg)
![Page 115: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/115.jpg)
Independent Practice (in class)
Complete Self-Test 28-1 (Part B & C 1-3) in
Tonal Harmony Textbook
Independent Practice (at home)
Complete Exercise 28-1 (B & C 1-3) in Tonal
Harmony Workbook
![Page 116: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/116.jpg)
Tonal Harmony Chapters 1-4
RHYTHM, DURATION, BEAT, & METER
![Page 117: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/117.jpg)
Rhythm: the organization of music in time
using long and short note values
Durational Symbols
Whole Note/Rest
Half Note/Rest
Quarter Note/Rest
Eighth Note/Rest
Sixteenth Note/Rest
![Page 118: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/118.jpg)
![Page 119: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/119.jpg)
![Page 120: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/120.jpg)
Durations other than these can be initiated
through the following:
Tie: a curved line that connects two notes of the
same pitch, creating a new duration equal to their
sum
Dot: symbol that adds to the duration one-half
the value of the note, rest, or dot that precedes it
![Page 121: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/121.jpg)
Do we know how to count these types of
rhythms?
Whole Note: 1 2 3 4
Half Note: 1 2 3 4
Quarter Note: 1 2 3 4
Eighth Note: 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 +
Sixteenth Note: 1 e + a 2 e + a 3 e + a 4 e + a
![Page 122: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/122.jpg)
Beat and Tempo
Beat: the basic pulse of a musical passage
▪ How do you find it?
▪ Tap your foot to the music
▪ Imagine the way a conductor would conduct the passage
![Page 123: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/123.jpg)
Beat and Tempo
Tempo: the rate at which the beats occur
▪ Two Methods of Specifying Tempo
▪ Words (often in Italian)
▪ Beats Per Minute (M.M. Quarter = 72)
▪ M.M. stands for Maelzel’s Metronome, after Johann
Maelzel, who widely promoted the device in the early
19th century
![Page 124: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/124.jpg)
![Page 125: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/125.jpg)
Meter
Beats tend to be grouped into consistent patterns
Meter: recurring pattern of strong and weak beats
▪ Groups of 2, 3, and 4 most common
Measure (m. or mm.): a unit of musical time set off by bar lines, consisting of a given number of beats
Bar Line: vertical line that divides measures or bars
![Page 126: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/126.jpg)
Meter
The words duple, triple, and quadruple are used to
refer to the number of beats in each measure, as in
duple, triple, and quadruple meter
Metric Accent: pattern of stresses found in each
meter
![Page 127: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/127.jpg)
Meter Summarized
Grouping Meter Metric Accent
2-Beat Measure Duple Strong-Weak
3-Beat Measure Triple Strong-Weak-Weak
4-Beat Measure Quadruple Strong-Weak-Less Strong-Weak
![Page 128: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/128.jpg)
IS IT DUPLE, TRIPLE, OR QUADRUPLE?
![Page 129: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/129.jpg)
Text a CODE to 37607
Answer Choice CODE
A. Duple 478589
B. Triple 478590
C. Quadruple 478591
D. Neither 478592
![Page 130: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/130.jpg)
Independent Practice (in class)
Complete Self-Test 2-1 (Part A & B) in Tonal
Harmony Textbook
Independent Practice (at home)
Complete Exercise 2-1 in Tonal Harmony
Workbook
![Page 131: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/131.jpg)
Tonal Harmony Chapters 1-4
BEAT DIVISION, SIMPLE/COMPOUND TIME
![Page 132: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/132.jpg)
Division of the Beat: durations that are
shorter than the beat
Beat divided into 2 or 3 equal parts
Simple Beat: beat divided into 2 equal parts
Compound Beat: beat divided into 3 equal parts
Do not confuse beat type (i.e. how the beat
divides – simple/compound) with meter type (how
the measure divides – duple, triple, quadruple)
![Page 133: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/133.jpg)
Common Beat and Meter Types
METER
Beat Duple Triple Quadruple
Simple Simple Duple Simple Triple Simple
Quadruple
Compound Compound
Duple
Compound
Triple
Compound
Quadruple
![Page 134: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/134.jpg)
Examples
Sing “Take Me Out to the Ball Game”
▪ What type of meter?
“Amazing Grace”
“Silent Night”
“Jingle Bells”
![Page 135: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/135.jpg)
Time Signatures
Time Signature: a sign placed at the beginning
of a piece, section, or measure to indicate the
meter
A time signature tells us…
▪ How many beats occur in each measure?
▪ What note value will represent the beat?
▪ Is the beat simple or compound?
![Page 136: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/136.jpg)
Simple Time Signatures
Have a 2, 3, or 4 as the top number
Top numbers indicates the number of beats in each measure
Bottom number indicates the beat note
▪ 2 = half note
▪ 4 = quarter note
▪ 8 = eighth note
▪ 16 = sixteenth note
Division of the beat can be found by taking the bottom note and dividing it in half
![Page 137: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/137.jpg)
Simple Time Signatures
Example 2-1 in textbook
Independent Practice (as a class)
▪ Self-Test 2-3 (Part A)
![Page 138: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/138.jpg)
Compound Time Signatures
If the beat divides into 3 parts, the note value
representing the beat will be a dotted value
Represent a problem when it comes to time
signatures
Compound time signature informs the musician
of…
▪ The number of divisions of the beat in a measure
▪ The division duration
![Page 139: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/139.jpg)
Compound Time Signatures
Top number of a compound time signature will a 6,
9, or 12
▪ Why? Because 2 beats times 3 divisions equals 6, 3 beats
times 3 divisions equals 9, etc.
Bottom number does NOT indicate the beat note,
but the division of the beat
▪ Remember, the beat note will be a dotted note value
![Page 140: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/140.jpg)
Compound Time Signatures
Do not follow common rule of time signatures
discussed earlier
There are some pieces where there may be 6
beats in a measure, but such a piece is not in
compound duple
▪ Really sounds like 2 measures of 3/4
▪ In these cases the division value becomes the beat value
▪ Opposite sometimes happens where beat value becomes the
division value (i.e. waltz or scherzo)
![Page 141: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/141.jpg)
Compound Time Signatures
Example 2-2 in textbook
Independent Practice (as a class)
▪ Self-Test 2-4 (Part A)
![Page 142: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/142.jpg)
IS IT DUPLE, TRIPLE, OR QUADRUPLE? SIMPLE OR COMPOUND?
![Page 143: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/143.jpg)
Text a CODE to 37607
Answer Choice CODE
A. Simple Duple 491775
B. Simple Triple 491776
C. Simple Quadruple 491777
D. Compound Duple 491782
E. Compound Triple 491783
F. Compound Quadruple 491788
![Page 144: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/144.jpg)
Other Durational Symbols
When rhythms are notated it is customary to use
rests, beams, ties, and dots
▪ Written in a way that emphasizes (rather than obscure)
the metric accent and individual beat
Sometimes it is correct to notate rhythms so as to
obscure the metric accent, when desired
▪ Syncopation: rhythmic figures that stress normally
weak beats or divisions
![Page 145: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/145.jpg)
Other Durational Symbols
Grouplet (or tuplet): the division of an
undotted value into some number of equal parts
other than 2, 4, 8, etc.
▪ or the division of a dotted value into some number of
equal parts other than 3, 6, 12, etc.
EXAMPLE on pg. 37
Note value of a grouplet is determined by the next
longer available note value
![Page 146: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/146.jpg)
Other Durational Symbols
Stems:
▪ Stem should go up if note is below the middle line of the
staff
▪ Stem should go down if the note is above the middle line
of the staff
▪ Stem can go either way on the middle line
![Page 147: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/147.jpg)
Other Durational Symbols
Beam: used to connect durations shorter than a
quarter note, when the durations occur within the
same beat
▪ Direction of stem is based on the note that is farthest
from the middle line
▪ Follow stem rule based on the farthest note from middle line
![Page 148: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/148.jpg)
Independent Practice (at home)
Complete Exercise 2-2 and 2-3 in Tonal Harmony
Workbook
![Page 149: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/149.jpg)
Tonal Harmony Chapters 1-4
SOLFÉGE & SIGHT-SINGING
![Page 150: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/150.jpg)
Solfége: pedagogical solmization technique for
the teaching of sight-singing in which each note
of the score is sung to a special syllable
Origin
11th-Century Music Theorist, Guido of Arezzo
Developed 6-note ascending scale
▪ Ut, re, mi, fa, sol, la (7th note “si” added shortly after)
▪ Names taken from first verse of Latin hymn, Ut queant laxis
▪ “Ut” eventually changed to “do,” and “si” eventually changed
to “ti” so every note would have different syllable
![Page 151: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/151.jpg)
![Page 152: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/152.jpg)
![Page 153: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/153.jpg)
![Page 154: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/154.jpg)
Hand Symbols Borrowed from the teachings of Curwen
Performed during singing exercises to provide a visual aid
Technique assigns to each scale degree a hand sign that shows its particular tonal function ▪ “Do,” “mi,” and “so” are stable in appearance
▪ “Fa” and “ti” point in the direction of “mi” and “do” respectively
▪ Likewise, the hand sign for “re” suggests motion to “do,” and that of “la” to “so”
▪ Kodály added to Curwen’s hand signs upward/downward movement, allowing to see height/depth of pitch
![Page 155: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/155.jpg)
![Page 156: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/156.jpg)
Methods:
Moveable “Do”
▪ Each solfége syllable corresponds to a scale degree, and
NOT a pitch
▪ Accidentals affect syllables
▪ If a piece modulates to another key, syllables must change
Fixed “Do”
▪ Each solfége syllable corresponds to a certain pitch
▪ Accidentals do not affect the syllable
![Page 157: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/157.jpg)
![Page 158: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/158.jpg)
Tonal Harmony Chapters 1-4
TRIADS & INVERSIONS
![Page 159: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/159.jpg)
Tonal harmony makes use of tertian (built of
3rds) chords
Fundamental tertian sonority is the triad
Triad: three note chord consisting of a 5th and
two superimposed 3rds
▪ Fifth (5th)
▪ Third (3rd)
▪ Root
![Page 160: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/160.jpg)
Four possible ways of combining major and
minor 3rds to produce a tertian triad
M3 + M3: Augmented triad
M3 + m3: Major triad
m3 + M3: Minor triad
m3 + m3: Diminished triad
![Page 161: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/161.jpg)
![Page 162: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/162.jpg)
Triad Inversions
Triads we have seen have been notated with the
root as the lowest tone
In a musical context, any part of a chord
may appear as the lowest tone
Triad Inversion (MusicTheory.net)
![Page 163: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/163.jpg)
Triad Inversions
Root Position: Root of the chord is the lowest
note
First Inversion: Third of the chord is the lowest
note
Second Inversion: Fifth of the chord is the
lowest note
![Page 164: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/164.jpg)
![Page 165: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/165.jpg)
How to figure out the name and quality of a triad?
Does the chord appear to be in root position? If so, the name of the chord is the root note.
▪ If not, one must determine the root note of the chord
▪ It will help to spell the chord in root position (especially for next step)
Find the quality of the interval between the two superimposed thirds
▪ Use chart to determine quality
EXAMPLE
![Page 166: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/166.jpg)
Independent Practice (in class)
Complete Self-Test 3-1 (Part B: 1-4), (Part D:
2-5) in Tonal Harmony Textbook
Independent Practice (at home)
Complete Exercise 3-1 (Part C: 1-7), (Part D:
1-7) in Tonal Harmony Workbook
![Page 167: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/167.jpg)
Tonal Harmony Chapters 1-4
SEVENTH CHORDS & INVERSIONS
![Page 168: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/168.jpg)
If we add another 3rd on top of the 5th of a
triad, the result is a four-note chord
The distance from the root to the added note
is some kind of seventh
Seventh (7th)
Fifth (5th)
Third (3rd)
Root
![Page 169: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/169.jpg)
There are many more seventh chord types
than triads; however we will only become
familiar with 5
Major Triad + M7: Major Seventh (M7)
Major Triad + m7: Major-minor Seventh (Mm7)
▪ Also known as a Dominant 7th
Minor Triad + m7: Minor-minor Seventh (m7)
Dim. Triad + m7: Half-diminished Seventh (ø7)
Dim. Triad + d7: Full-diminished Seventh (o7)
![Page 170: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/170.jpg)
![Page 171: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/171.jpg)
Seventh Chord Inversions
Seventh chords we have seen have been notated
with the root as the lowest tone
In a musical context, any part of a chord
may appear as the lowest tone
Seventh Chord Inversion (MusicTheory.net)
![Page 172: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/172.jpg)
Triad Inversions
Root Position: Root of the chord is the lowest
note
First Inversion: Third of the chord is the lowest
note
Second Inversion: Fifth of the chord is the
lowest note
Third Inversion: Seventh of the chord is the
lowest note
![Page 173: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/173.jpg)
![Page 174: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/174.jpg)
Independent Practice (in class)
Complete Self-Test 3-2 (Part A: 1-4), (Part B:
3-6) in Tonal Harmony Textbook
Independent Practice (at home)
Complete Exercise 3-2 (Part A, B, C: 1-6) &
Exercise 3-3 (Part A 1-6) in Tonal Harmony
Workbook
![Page 175: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/175.jpg)
Tonal Harmony Chapters 1-4
FIGURED BASS & INVERSION SYMBOLS
![Page 176: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/176.jpg)
In analyzing music, we often use numbers to
indicate the bass position of chords
We do not use 1, 2, or 3 to represent inversions
Utilize Baroque system called figured bass or
thoroughbass
Figured Bass: method of abbreviated notation
used in the Baroque era to identify chords
![Page 177: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/177.jpg)
Figured Bass
During the Baroque, the keyboard player in an
ensemble would read from a part consisting only of a
bass line and symbols indicating the chord to be played
Numbers/symbols represented intervals above the
bass to form the chord, which could be played in any
octave
System dealt only with intervals and not the roots of
chords, since the theory of chord roots had not been
devised
![Page 178: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/178.jpg)
![Page 179: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/179.jpg)
Figured Bass
Keyboardist would follow the key signature unless told to do otherwise ▪ Accidental next to an arabic numeral could be used to raise
or lower a note
▪ 7b, 3#
▪ An accidental by itself always referred to the 3rd above the bass and could be used to alter the 3rd
▪ #, b
▪ A slash (/) or plus (+) sign in connection with an arabic numeral meant to raise that note
▪ 4+
![Page 180: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/180.jpg)
![Page 181: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/181.jpg)
Figured Bass and Music Theory
A few figured bass symbols have been adopted for
use in harmonic analysis
Bass Position Symbols: figured bass symbols
accompanied with Roman numerals
▪ Known as Roman Numeral Analysis (next chapter)
Parallels and contrasts between figured bass and
lead sheet symbols in Jazz/Pop music
Inversion Hotline (664) 765-4342
![Page 182: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/182.jpg)
How to recognize chords in various textures and
apply bass position symbols?
Write down the notes of the chord. If a note is
repeated, you only need to write it down once.
Rearrange the chord to where it is in root position, or
built in 3rds.
Find the quality of the chord.
Find the bass position symbol for the chord by looking
at what note is in the bass.
Apply the appropriate symbol based on the bass note.
![Page 183: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/183.jpg)
SELF-TEST 3-4
![Page 184: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/184.jpg)
Independent Practice (at home)
Complete Exercise 3-4 in Tonal Harmony
Workbook
![Page 185: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/185.jpg)
Tonal Harmony Chapters 1-4
DIATONIC CHORDS IN MAJOR/MINOR KEYS
![Page 186: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/186.jpg)
Scale Degrees
Scale degrees can be referred to by…
▪ Letter Name (C, D, E, F, etc.)
▪ Number (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, etc.)
▪ Traditional Names
![Page 187: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/187.jpg)
Traditional Scale Degree Names
Two names for scale degree 7, depending on
whether it is a half or whole step away from the
tonic
![Page 188: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/188.jpg)
Origin of Scale Degree Names
Dominant
Mediant
Supertonic
TONIC
Leading Tone
Subtonic
Submediant
Subdominant
![Page 189: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/189.jpg)
How are triads and seventh chords used in
tonal music?
Most chords are made up of only notes from the
scale on which the passage is based
▪ Passage in G major, most of the chords only contain
notes found in the G major scale
▪ Known as Diatonic Chords
▪ Chords outside of the scale formed by notes not in the
scale are known as Altered or Chromatic Chords
![Page 190: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/190.jpg)
Diatonic Chords
MusicTheory.net (Diatonic Chords)
MusicTheory.net (Roman Numeral Analysis)
![Page 191: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/191.jpg)
![Page 192: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/192.jpg)
![Page 193: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/193.jpg)
How to recognize chords in various textures and apply bass position symbols?
Write down the notes of the chord. If a note is repeated, you only need to write it down once.
Rearrange the chord to where it is in root position, or built in 3rds.
Find the quality of the chord (i.e. M, m, etc.)
Find the bass position symbol for the chord by looking at what note is in the bass.
Write the appropriate scale degree symbol with the right quality and bass position symbol.
![Page 194: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/194.jpg)
Independent Practice (in class)
Complete Self-Test 4-1 (Part A: 1-3), (Part B:
1-3), (Part C: as class) in Tonal Harmony
Textbook
Independent Practice (at home)
Complete Exercise 4-1 (Part A: 1-4), (Part B:
1-4), (Part C: #1 all) in Tonal Harmony
Workbook
![Page 195: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/195.jpg)
Tonal Harmony Chapters 1-4
DIATONIC 7th CHORDS IN MAJOR/MINOR KEYS
![Page 197: White Oak High School Mr. Morton - images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/NC/OnslowCounty/WhiteOakHigh... · White Oak High School – Mr. Morton . Tonal Harmony Chapters](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012313/5a789f447f8b9a07028bab81/html5/thumbnails/197.jpg)