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Which day would you like OWL quizzes due (4 AM)
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1. Monday2. Tuesday3. Wednesday4. Thursday5. Friday
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Chapter 5
Chemical Reactions
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Dissolution of (a) Ionic and(b) Molecular Compounds
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Electrolytes
• All salts are strong electrolytes, that is they dissociate into ions in solution
• If they are significantly soluble then the dissolved ions make the solution a good conductor of electricity
• Molecular compounds except for acids and bases are non-electrolytes, non-conductors
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Solubility Rules
1. All group I and ammonium salts are soluble (this rule holds above all others)
2. All nitrates and acetates are soluble
3. Phosphates and carbonates are generally insoluble (note rule 1)
4. Most sulfides and hydroxides are insoluble (note rule 1)
Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+ sulfides and hydroxides are soluble
5. Most sulfates are soluble
Ba2+, Sr2+, Hg22+, Pb2+ sulfates are insoluble
6. Most halides (Cl–, Br–, I–) are soluble
Ag+, Hg22+, Pb2+ halides are insoluble
Exceptions in red may show up on exams
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Illustration of Some
Solubility Rules
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Which of the following salts is insoluble in water
10
Na2S
(NH4)3PO4
Ag2SO4
Ba(OH)2
AgI
0% 0% 0%0%0%
1. Na2S
2. (NH4)3PO4
3. Ag2SO4
4. Ba(OH)2
5. AgI
0
0
130
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Precipitation Reactions
If either of the possible products of a double replacement are in soluble then a precipitate will form. A chemical reaction occurs.
If both possible products are soluble there is no reaction.
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Precipitation of Silver Chloride
AgNO3 + NaCl AgCl + NaNO3
precipitate
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Mixing which of the following pairs of solutions will result in formation
of a precipitate?
10
0% 0% 0%0%0%
1. NaCl and Ba(NO3)2
2. K2SO4 and Ba(C2H3O2)2
3. FeSO4 and KI
4. NaBr and Cr(NO3)3
5. MgSO4 and CuCl2
0
0
130
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Writing equations for Precipitation Reactions
• Swap partners – Na2SO4 + Fe3(PO4)2
• Check solubility rules – Fe3(PO4)2 is insoluble
• Write unbalanced equation –Na3PO4(aq)+FeSO4(aq)Na2SO4(aq)+Fe3(PO4)2(s)
• Balance –2Na3PO4(aq)+3FeSO4(aq)3Na2SO4(aq)+Fe3(PO4)2(s)
Na3PO4 + FeSO4
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Ionic Equations• Write the balanced equation of reaction2Na3PO4(aq)+3FeSO4(aq)3Na2SO4(aq)+Fe3(PO4)2(s)
• Total Ionic Equation – Separate all aqueous strong electrolytes into ions:
6Na+(aq) + 2PO43-(aq) + 3Fe2+(aq) + 3SO4
2-(aq) 6Na+(aq) + 3SO4
2-(aq) + Fe3(PO4)2(s)
• Net Ionic Equation – Eliminate spectator ions2PO4
3-(aq) + 3Fe2+(aq) Fe3(PO4)2(s)
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Acids
• substances that donates H+ ions to solution
• sour-tasting substances
• substances whose aqueous solutions are capable of turning blue litmus indicators red
• dissolves certain metals to form salts
• react with bases or alkalis to form salts
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Bases
• substances that donates a OH- ion to solution
• hydroxides and oxides of metals
• bitter tasting, slippery solutions
• turn litmus blue
• react with acids to form salts
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Ionization of Acids in Water
Strong electrolyteWeak electrolyte
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Common Acids and Bases
Learn
All othersare weak
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Neutralization Reactions
acid + base “salt” + water
HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O
H2SO4 + 2KOH K2SO4 + 2H2O
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Strong vs. Weak Acids and Bases
• strong – completely ionized– separate into ions in ionic equation
• weak – partially ionized– keep intact in ionic equation
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Ionic Equations
HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
Total Ionic Equation:H+ + Cl- + Na+ + OH- Na+ +Cl- + H2O
Net Ionic Equation:H+(aq) + OH-(aq) H2O(l)
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Ionic Equations
H3PO4(aq) + 3KOH(aq) K3PO4(aq) + 3H2O(l)
Total Ionic Equation:H3PO4 + 3K+ + 3OH- 3K+ + PO4
3- + 3H2O
Net Ionic Equation:H3PO4(aq) + 3OH-(aq) PO4
3-(aq) + 3H2O(l)
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What is the net ionic equation for the reaction of acetic acid with NaOH?
100
0
1300% 0%0%0%
1. H++OH-H2O
2. H++NaOHH2O+Na+
3. CH3COOH+OH-
CH3COO-+H2O
4. Na++ CH3COO-
NaCH3COO
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Gas-Forming
Exchange Reaction
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Reaction of Metal Carbonates with Acids
CaCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) CaCl2(aq) + H2CO3(aq)
H2CO3(aq) H2O + CO2(g)
Carbonic acid is unstable and releases carbon dioxide gas
Total Ionic Equation:CaCO3(s) + 2H+ + 2Cl- Ca2+ + 2Cl- + H2O + CO2(g)
Net Ionic Equation:CaCO3(s) + 2H+
(aq) Ca2+(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
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Reaction of Metal Sulfites and Sulfides with Acids
CaSO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) CaCl2(aq) + H2SO3(aq)
H2SO3(aq) H2O + SO2(g)
Net Ionic Equation:
CaSO3(s) + 2H+(aq) Ca2+
(aq) + H2O(l) + SO2(g)
Na2S(aq) + 2HCl(aq) 2NaCl(aq) + H2S(g)
Net Ionic Equation:
S2-(aq) + 2H+
(aq) H2S(g)
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Which of the following is a gas forming reaction?
100
0
130 0% 0%0%0%
1. Na2CO3+Ba(OH)2
2. AgNO3+Na2S
3. ZnCO3+HNO3
4. HCl+CuSO4