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• When you look closely, the sparkles you see are individual crystals of minerals. A rock is a mixture of minerals, rock fragments, volcanic glass, organic matter, or other natural materials
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type of rock example how it is made
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•Forms from melted rock that has cooled & hardened
•Made from lava and magma.
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Formation of Igneous Rocks• When some volcanoes erupt, they eject a flow
of molten rock material.
• Molten rock material, called magma, flows when it is hot and becomes solid when it cools.
• When hot magma cools and hardens, it forms igneous (IHG nee us) rock.
Igneous RocksIgneous Rocks
22
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Magma• Because magma is less dense than
surrounding solid rock, it is forced upward toward the surface.
• When magma reaches Earth’s surface and flows from volcanoes, it is called lava.
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Intrusive Rocks
Igneous RocksIgneous Rocks
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• Rocks that form from magma below the surface are called intrusive igneous rocks.
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Extrusive Rocks• Extrusive igneous
rocks are formed as lava cools on the surface of Earth.
• When lava flows on the surface, it is exposed to air and water, and cools quickly under these conditions.
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Extrusive Rocks
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• The quick cooling rate keeps mineral grains from growing large, because the atoms in the liquid don’t have the time to arrange into large crystals.
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Classifying Igneous Rocks
• Igneous rocks are intrusive or extrusive depending on how they are formed.
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• A way to furtherclassify these rocks isby the magma from which they form. An igneous rock can form from basaltic, andesitic, or granitic magma.
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Classifying Igneous Rocks
• The type of magma that cools to form an igneous rock determines important chemical and physical properties of that rock.
Igneous RocksIgneous Rocks
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• These include mineral composition, density, color, and melting temperature.
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Basaltic Rocks• Basaltic (buh SAWL tihk) igneous rocks are
dense, dark-colored rocks.
Igneous RocksIgneous Rocks
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• They form from magma that is rich in iron and magnesium and poor in silica, which is the compound SiO2.
• The presence of iron and magnesium in minerals in basalt gives basalt its dark color.
• Basaltic lava is fluid and flows freely from volcanoes in Hawaii, such as Kilauea.
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Granitic Rocks
• Granitic igneous rocks are light-colored rocks of lower density than basaltic rocks.
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• Granitic magma is thick and stiff and contains lots of silica but lesser amounts of iron and magnesium.
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Section CheckSection Check
22Question 1
Igneous rock is formed by __________.
A. cooling of hot magmaB. change in pressureC. compression of loose materialsD. pressure from watery fluids
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Section CheckSection Check
22Answer
The answer is A. If igneous rock is melted, it changes to magma.
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Section CheckSection Check
22Question 2
What is the difference between intrusive and extrusive igneous rock?
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Section CheckSection Check
22Answer
Intrusive igneous rocks form from magma below Earth’s surface. Extrusive igneous rocks form from lava flowing at Earth’s surface.
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Section CheckSection Check
22Question 3
From which material would EXTRUSIVE igneous rocks form?
A. DirtB. LavaC. MagmaD. Obsidian
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Section CheckSection Check
22Answer
The answer is B. Extrusive rocks form OUTSIDE of the volcano so therefor the hot molten rock would be lava.
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•Rocks formed by heat and pressure.
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Formation of Metamorphic Rocks
• Rocks that have changed because of changes in temperature and pressure (heat & pressure) or the presence of hot watery fluids are called metamorphic rocks.
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Heat and Pressure• Rocks beneath Earth’s surface are under
great pressure from rock layers above them. • Temperature also increases with depth
in Earth.
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• In some places, the heat and pressure are just right to cause rocks to melt and magma to form.
• In other areas where melting doesn’t occur, some mineral grains can change by dissolving and recrystallizing—especially in the presence of fluids.
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Classifying Metamorphic Rocks
• Metamorphic rocks form from igneous, sedimentary, or other metamorphic rocks.
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• Heat, pressure, and hot fluids trigger the changes.
• Each resulting rock can be classified according to its composition and texture.
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Foliated Rocks• When mineral grains
line up in parallel layers, the metamorphic rock is said to have a foliated texture.
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• Two examples of foliated rocks are slate and gneiss.
• Slate forms from the sedimentary rock shale.
Slate
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Nonfoliated Rocks
• In some metamorphic rocks, layering does not occur.
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• The mineral grains grow and rearrange, but they don’t form layers.
• This process produces a nonfoliated texture.
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Section CheckSection Check
33Question 1
What type of rocks can form from any type of rock?
A. igneous B. sedimentary C. metamorphicD. All of the above
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Section CheckSection Check
33Answer
The answer is D. All rocks can take the form of another rock if given the proper conditions and time.
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Section CheckSection Check
33Question 2
Name the metamorphic rock texture in which mineral grains line up in parallel layers.
A. foliated B. nonfoliated C. sedimentary D. volcanic
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Section CheckSection Check
33Answer
The answer is A. Slate is a foliated metamorphic rock formed from shale.
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Section CheckSection Check
33Question 3
Which of these processes do rocks need to go through to be changed into a metamorphic rock?
A. Heat & DensityB. Heat & Pressure C. HeatD. Pressure
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Section CheckSection Check
33Answer
The answer is B. A rock has to go through intense heat & pressure to be changed into a metamorphic rock.
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•layers of sediment cemented and compacted
together
•Caused by weathering
and erosion.
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Formation of Sedimentary Rocks• Sediments are loose materials such as rock
fragments, mineral grains, and bits of shell that have been moved by wind, water, ice, or gravity.
• Sediments come from already-existing rocks that are weathered and eroded.
Sedimentary RocksSedimentary Rocks
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• Sedimentary rock forms when sediments are pressed and cemented together, or when minerals form from solutions.
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Weathering and Erosion
• When rock is exposed to air, water, or ice, it breaks down chemically and mechanically.
Sedimentary RocksSedimentary Rocks
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• This process, which breaks rocks into smaller pieces, is called weathering.
• These pieces are classified by size.
• The movement of weathered material is called erosion.
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•AND
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•to break down or break apart
rock into smaller pieces
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•to break down and carry away
pieces of sediment
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Compaction• Where sediments are deposited, layer upon
layer builds up.
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• Pressure from the upper layers pushes down on the lower layers.
• If the sediments are small, they can stick together and form solid rock. This process is called compaction.
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Cementation• If sediments are large, like sand and pebbles,
pressure alone can’t make then stick together.
Sedimentary RocksSedimentary Rocks
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• Large sediments have to be cemented together.
• As water moves through soil and rock, it picks up materials released from minerals during weathering.
• The resulting solution of water and dissolved materials moves through open spaces between sediments.
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Cementation
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• Cementation occurs when minerals such as quartz, calcite, and hematite are deposited between the pieces of sediment.
• These minerals, acting as natural cements, hold the sediment together like glue, making a detrital sedimentary rock.
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•To show how rocks slowly change through time, scientists have created a model called the rock cycle.
The Rock CycleThe Rock CycleThe Rock Cycle
11
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•It illustrates the processes that create and change rocks.
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The Rock Cycle
The Rock CycleThe Rock Cycle
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• The rock cycle shows the three types of rock— igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary—and the processes that form them. Click image to view movie.
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•MELT
•COO
L
•HEAT / PRESSURE
•WEA
THER
ING
/CEM
ENTI
NG
•SEDIMENTARYSEDIMENTARY
•METAMORPHIC
•IGNEOUSIGNEOUS
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•SEDIMENTARY•IGNEOUS
•METAMORPHIC
•WEA
THER
ING
/ CEM
ENTI
NG
•MELT AND COOL
•HEAT AND PRESSURE
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•IGNEOUS •METAMORPHIC
•SEDIMENTARY
•WEATHERING
/ CEMENTING•M
ELT
AN
D C
OO
L
•HEAT AND PRESSURE
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• Rocks change by many processes.
• For example, a sedimentary rock can change by heat and pressure to form a metamorphic rock.
The Rock Cycle
The Rock CycleThe Rock Cycle
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• The metamorphic rock then can melt and later cool to form an igneous rock.
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• The igneous rock then could be broken into fragments by weathering and erode away.
• The fragments might later compact and cement together to form another sedimentary rock. Any given rock can change into any of the three major rock types. A rock even can transform into another rock of the same type.
The Rock Cycle
The Rock CycleThe Rock Cycle
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• The rock cycle shows how rock can be weathered to small rock and mineral grains.
• This material then can be eroded and carried away by wind, water, or ice.
Matter and the Rock Cycle
The Rock CycleThe Rock Cycle
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• This illustrates the principle of conservation of matter.
• The changes that take place in the rock cycle never destroy or create matter.
• The elements are just redistributed in other forms.
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Section CheckSection Check
11Question 1
Which of these is a rock?
A. feldsparB. graniteC. micaD. quartz
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11Section CheckSection Check
Answer
The answer is B. Rocks are mixtures of minerals. Granite is a mixture of feldspar, mica, quartz and other minerals.
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Section CheckSection Check
11Question 2
Weathering and erosion of igneous rocks produces material that can become __________ rock.
A. magmaB. metamorphicC. more igneousD. sedimentary
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11Section CheckSection Check
Answer
The answer is D. Sediments from the weathering of igneous rock form sedimentary rock through compaction and cementation.
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Section CheckSection Check
11Question 3
Which is formed by cooling magma?
A. garnetB. igneousC. metamorphicD. sedimentary
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11Section CheckSection Check
Answer
The answer is B. Igneous rock is formed from cooling magma. Garnet is a mineral found in multiple rock types.