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What was the Enlightenment?A time period also known as the Age of
ReasonIt took place in Europe during the 18th
century (1700s)
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What was the Enlightenment?During this time, thinkers called philosophes began to use reason to try to understand how the world worked and how to make it betterOld superstitions were rejected and religious
beliefs were challengedThere were many political, social, and
scientific advances that affect us still today
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Ideas that originated during the EnlightenmentRight to happinessScience should be practicalDiscrimination is wrongSeparation of church and stateRight to privacyGovernments should not be all-powerfulFreedom of speech Education and prison reformsSeeds of Democracy
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WHAT EVENTS WERE CATALYSTS FOR THE ENLIGHTENMENT?The religious warfare of the 1600s
So many had died, people began to realize that intolerance wasn’t working
When Louis XIV revoked (got rid of) the Edict of Nantes200,000 Protestant refugees fled France
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OTHER CAUSES OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT
Pre-Enlightenment ThinkersRene Descartes
The father of modern rationalism“I think, therefore I am”
The Scientific RevolutionFrancis Bacon
Scientific Method: systematic observations and careful experiments would lead to correct principles
Isaac NewtonNatural laws can be discovered
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The Scientific Revolution (16th and 17th century)Nicholas Copernicus
Heliocentric model challenges both established science and the Church
Opens the door to the questioning of other realms
Francis BaconScientific Method –
man can now use reason to explain the world around him – no need for God in science
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Bacon’s Scientific Method
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Isaac NewtonDevelops mathematical
ideas that explain the physical universe
Laws of Motion
1) An object in motion will remain in motion
2) Force = mass X acceleration
3) For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction
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18th century Enlightenment – The Age of Reason
Revolution in philosophyPhilosophers, inspired by scientists, started
questioning God and God’s role in societyParticular emphasis was placed on criticizing
government and the churchParis, France was the hotbed of reason –
rather ironically, it was also the center of Absolutism and Divine Right
Philosophers wrote the words that inspired revolutionaries, both in America and in France
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THE INFLUENCE OF THE ENLIGHTENMENTOne of the main issues that was discussed
during this time was the role of governmentEnlightenment thinkers (philosophes)
contributed many ideas to this debate:John LockeVoltaireJean-Jacques Rousseau
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John Locke and Jean Jacque Rousseau
LockeEnglish philosopherBelieved that men are
entitled to life, liberty and PROPERTY
Inspiration for the American founding fathers (all were rich, white, educated men)
Government should protect us from us – first priority was to provide security and order
RousseauFrench PhilosopherBelieved that all men are
entitiled to life, liberty and EQUALITY
Inspiration for the French revolutionaries (many women and poor commoners)
Government should promote equality among all men
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John Locke and Jean Jacques Rousseau
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The “Social Contract”Men form governments.Governments must respond to the needs of men.
If a government does not respond to the needs of men, men have the right to change the government.
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Views on the Social ContractWho are the “men”? Who determines whether or not the government is
serving the needs of men?What does it mean to “change” the government?There have been different answers to these questions from throughout
history……………..LockeRousseauAmerican Founding FathersFrench RevolutionariesKarl MarxSouthern leaders in the US in 1861Vladimir LeninChairman MaoWhat about today?
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VoltaireFrench philosopher who
attacked the Church and the French government though his short novel, Candide and other works
Advocated freedom of religion and separation of church and state
Advocated the right of citizens to a fair and impartial trial
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Adam SmithEnglish economist and
philosopher who attacked the idea of government intervention in the economy
Advocated “laissez-faire” economics (hands off)
Believed in a pure capitalist system where the “law of supply and demand” would determine prices
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David HumeEnglish philosopher who
questioned the existence of God
Used a logical and scientific argument to question faith
Since faith itself is irrational, what makes one faith right for everyone?
Heavily criticized by the Anglican Church, of which he was a member, but never wavered in his views
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Deism and the Watchmaker TheoryEnlightenment age religion that advocated a belief in God (even if that
belief was irrational)God was there in the beginning, and will be there in the end, but in
between we’re on our ownImagine an old style windup watch……God made the watch and
wound it up, but then left it alone. He’ll be back when the watch needs to be rewound
No need for prayer or worship – it’s counterproductive – God’s not listening anyway
Humans have ultimate free choice and free willMany of the American founding fathers believed in Deism – Thomas
Jefferson was probably the most famousVoltaire also advocated Deism and the right to freedom of religion
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The Results of the Enlightenment Reason is used to justify different forms of
government-not everyone agreed on what was best!Voltaire-Monarchy, Rousseau-Democracy
Stimulated religious toleranceProgress is encouraged
Will help spark an Industrial RevolutionInspired revolutions in the United States,
France, and Latin AmericaCitizens questioning the role of government
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The American Revolution
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The American RevolutionNot really a classic “revolution” in the sense that a social
class did not revolt against the one above itReally more of a war for independence, but it did
incorporate rhetoric from the Age of Reason American revolutionary LEADERS studied Locke and others
– they certainly believed in the rhetoric, but the average “patriot” in the street paid little in the way of taxes, so “no taxation without representation” was little more than a slogan.
The new government formed after the revolution was at least outwardly based on enlightenment principles, although it would be decades before most of those principles were actually put into practice – think of how long it took women to receive the vote.
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Declaration of IndependenceWritten by Thomas
JeffersonRestatement of the
social contractList of grievances –
what King George III did to break the contract
Considered the first true government document containing enlightenment principles
Used as a pattern for revolutions around the world
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Enlightened Despotism in Central and Eastern Europe
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Enlightened DespotismIdea found in Central and Eastern Europe whereby
monarchs and emperors made changes to their societies in which modernized the states while the people earned some political and social rights
Monarchs still maintained absolute control, but instead of justifying their rule by divine right (God), they instead saw themselves at the head of the people
Most of the ideas were really designed to PREVENT revolution (governments must serve the needs of men)
Many of the reforms were eventually rescinded after the people tried to get even more rights (revolutions were often brutally repressed
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Fredrick the Great of Prussia•Emperor of Prussia in the Northern Germanic Lands•Modernized the military and opened officer positions to middle and lower classes•Modernized the Prussian government and opened positions to people of merit instead of cronies
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Catherine the Great of RussiaModernized the Russian
army and governmentStudied in France during
the EnlightenmentTried to link Russia to the
West through trade and diplomatic relations
Increased Russia’s territory, especially against the Ottomans (Turks) – sought to link Russia to its Slavic neighbors to the south
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Maria Theresa and Joseph II of the Hapsburg Empire (Austria)Note – mother and brother to Marie Antoinette (Queen of France)
Serfdom abolished in the Hapsburg Lands
Granted freedom of religion (very radical idea, especially in a Catholic empire)
Established a national education system
Developed equality before the law, even for the nobility
Many of the reforms were rolled back after revolutions broke out among the minority populations of the Hapsburg Empire