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What is the role of the President in the
American Constitutional System?
Lesson 23
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The President
• The majority of the Presidential powers we see today are not specifically listed in the Constitution
• Executive Power is not actually defined in a specific way
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The President: Specific Powers
• Commander and Chief of the army and navy
• Head of the Executive department• Pardons, postponement of
punishment, and granting reprieves (cancel)
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• Making treaties with the guidance and approval of the Senate. The Senate can vote down any treaty.
• Nomination of foreign ambassadors, public ministers, consuls, and judges of the Supreme Court and other federal courts.
• Recommending legislation to Congress
• Reviewing legislation• Receiving foreign ministers
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• Many presidents have seen the definition of presidential power as flexible.
• They use the vague version of power so they can adapt the Constitution in times of emergency• Wars, Depressions
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• The Framers did not think there would be political parties. Therefore, the president was to be above all politics.
• President was not to be a monarch, but not a weak leader either
Original intent of the President?
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Evolution of the Presidency
• Washington was considered powerful since he was the first. His actions set the precedent for the behavior of future presidents.
• Jefferson took a very hands off approach to government in most situations.
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Andrew Jackson changed everything
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Andrew Jackson• Jackson wants to
destroy the bank• Ordered the Secretary
of Treasury to remove funds from Federal Governments
• First secretary refused...resigned
• Second secretary refused...resigned
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• Third secretary of Treasury: Accepted, did the job, and then resigned.
• All government funds were moved to state banks
• Jackson’s opponents called them “Pet Banks”
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• The Bank of the U.S. now had little money, so they had to call in their loans
• Hundreds of business people went bankrupt
• Banks failed• Factories closed down• Workers were laid off
Impact of Bank removal
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• People began begging Jackson to bring the bank back.
• Jackson shifted all attention to secretary of treasury Biddle
• Democrats begin to blame Biddle as well
• Depression appeared near.....• Bank of U.S. once again could issue
credit to state banks
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.
• Since money was suddenly plentiful again, reckless investment stepped in
• Congress issued $30 million dollars in surplus funds to the states
• Turnpikes, canals and railroads were improved or built
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.• Inflation began• Inflation: a fall in the value of money
• The Government gave out huge amounts of money for land
• There was so much money that the prices of the land were raised. Now the money is less valuable than it was just prior to the land price raise.
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.
• To stop inflation Jackson ordered all land to be paid for in silver or gold.
• Land sales stopped• Panic and depression were on the
horizon.
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Jackson
• Not only did Jackson take on the Bank System, he would use his power to veto liberally.
• Jackson vetoed bills 12 times, more than the previous Presidents combined
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Abraham Lincoln• “Inherent Powers” were used often• Lincoln’s ability to use the unspoken
powers was prominant• Nationalizing the militia• Expanding the military w/out
approval• Suspending Habeas Corpus
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Woodrow Wilson
• Took issues directly to the public in attempts to gain their support
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Roosevelt• Used his power in perhaps the most
different number of ways• Used opinion polls to hear the
people’s ideas• Made a wide range of reforms• Government became heavily
involved in daily life
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Foreign Policy
• Commander of the armed forces can send troops anywhere so countries will comply with our policies.
• Every president since FDR has sent soldiers abroad
• A declaration of war is not necessarily needed
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Foreign Policy
• Treaties are solely negotiated and made by the President
• Senate must pass treaties with a 2/3 vote
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Chief Diplomat
• Appoints and receives all ambassadors and representatives for/from other countries
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Powers During Emergencies
• The president can generally do whatever they want during crisis
• In some instances the President had attempts him to limit these types of powers• George Bush in Iraq
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Expansion of Presidential Power
• Five main reasons• The people of the U.S. require a
strong president• The Constitution is once again
vague• Main legislative proposer• Increased use of Executive Orders• Growth of national government
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Limits on the President• Rejecting legislation• Refusal to ratify treaties• Asserting its constitutional power• Denying appointments• Denying funds to programs• Impeachment