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WHAT IS ENERGY?WHERE DO WE GET IT?
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CELLULAR ENERGYKEY CONCEPT: ATP IS THE
USABLE SOURCE OF ENERGY IN ALL CELLS.
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• Energy is the ability to do work.
• Thermodynamics is the study of the flow and transformation of energy
• All living things need energy.
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HOW ORGANISMS OBTAIN ENERGY
• The main source of energy in living things is glucose, (sugar).
• How do living things get glucose?
• Autotrophs: ____________________
• Heterotrophs: ___________________
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HOW ORGANISMS OBTAIN ENERGY
• Metabolism: all of the chemical reactions in a cell
• Photosynthesis: light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy for use in the cell
• Cellular respiration: organic molecules (like sugars, proteins, lipids) are broken down to release energy for use in the cell
• Glucose is only storage for energy in cells.
• What molecule do cells actually use to power cellular processes?
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ATP
• The energy unit of a cell is ATP:
• Adenosine
• Tri
• Phosphate
• When the last phosphate bond is broken, energy is released.
• This energy fuels a cell’s reactions.
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ADP
• When ATP is broken down, the molecule becomes
• Adenosine
• Di
• Phosphate
• Energy has to be added from an outside source to reform ATP.
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SOURCES OF ENERGY
• Sugar, or glucose, is broken down to turn ADP into ATP.
• Other molecules can provide this energy as well.
• Sugar is either eaten or produced in photosynthesis.
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PHOTOSYNTHESISPROCESS THAT PRODUCES SUGARS THAT STORE CHEMICAL ENERGY
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PHOTOSYNTHETIC ORGANISMS = PRODUCERS
• Photosynthesis captures energy from the sunlight and uses that energy to make sugars that store chemical energy
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PHOTOSYNTHESIS CONVERTS SOLAR ENERGY INTO CHEMICAL ENERGY.
6 H2O + 6 CO2 6 O2 + C6H1 2O6
Plants use the energy from sunlight to convert
carbon dioxide and water into sugar and oxygen
Reactants Productslight
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PHOTOSYNTHESIS OCCURS IN 2 PHASES
1.Light-dependent reactions
2.Light-independent reactions, AKA Calvin Cycle
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PHASE 1:• Light Reactions
• Absorption of sunlight is the first step
• Chlorophyll, a molecule in chloroplasts, absorbs sunlight
• Chlorophyll is found in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplasts
• Light dependent reactions occur in the thylakoids
chloroplast
leaf cell
leaf
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PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN PLANTS OCCURS IN CHLOROPLASTS.
Stroma
Granum
Thylakoid
Contains
chlorophyll
Stack of
thylakoids
Fluid outside
the thylakoid
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1. LIGHT-DEPENDENT REACTIONS
1. Light strikes a chlorophyll molecule in the thylakoid membrane, exciting electrons
2. That energy also causes a water molecule to split, releasing an electron
3. Oxygen from water is released as waste
Thylakoid
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1. LIGHT-DEPENDENT REACTIONS
• Water and energy from light are used to produce ATP and NADPH.• ATP and NADPH molecules transfer energy.
• These reactions also produce oxygen gas.
Chloroplast
Light
O2
Light-Dependent Reactions
NADPHATP
Chloroplast
H20
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2. LIGHT-INDEPENDENT REACTIONS
• The light-independent reactions are also called the Calvin cycle and occur in the stroma of the chloroplasts.
• The calvin cycle uses CO2
and the energy from the light-dependent reactions to build sugar.
Stroma
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2. LIGHT-INDEPENDENT REACTIONS
• During the Calvin cycle, CO2 and the ATP and NADPHfrom the light-dependent reactions are used to build glucose.
• Glucose is a high-energy sugar that can be stored for a long time.
Light
O2Glucose
CO2
Light-Dependent Reactions
CalvinCycle
NADPH
ATP
ADP + P
NADP+
Chloroplast
H20
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Photosynthesis Equation
H20
O2
Light-
dependent
ReactionsATP
NADPH
Calvin
Cycle
Glucose
CO2
6 H2O + 6 CO2
Reactants Productslight
6 O2 + C6H1 2O6
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ATP AND NADPH
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Light Energy
Chloroplast
CO2 + H2O Sugars + O2Go to
Section:
THE EQUATION FOR THE OVERALL PROCESS IS:6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2
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• Glucose is not the only sugar that can be formed by photosynthesis.
• Other simple sugars (like fructose) can also be made.
• Plants and other photosynthetic organisms use the simple sugars for energy and to build more complex carbohydrates like starches and cellulose, which it needs for growth and development.
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FACTORS AFFECTING PHOTOSYNTHESIS
• Water• Required for photosynthesis.
• Temperature• Enzymes can only function between 0oC and
35oC.
• Light intensity• Increasing the light intensity will increase the
rate of photosynthesis to a certain point
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WHY ARE PLANTS GREEN?
• Sunlight is a spectrum of different colors of light.
• Chlorophyll absorbs red and blue light from the sun and reflects green light.
• Because light is a form of energy, any compound that absorbs light also absorbs the energy from that light.
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CELLULAR RESPIRATIONTHE CHEMICAL BREAKDOWN OF GLUCOSE
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ENERGY & FOOD
• Foods contain usable energy stored in organic compounds such as proteins, carbohydrates, and fats.
• After we eat, or plants go through photosynthesis, cells break down the complex organic compounds in our food into simpler molecules.
• Some of the energy released during this process is used to make ATP.
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ATP• Cells use a molecule called ATP to store
energy.
• ATP= Adenosine Triphosphate
high energy
bondThe 3rd phosphate is attached by a
When that bond is broken,
energy is released for use by
the cell.
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From food to energy…
Stored
Energy
Our bodies break down
the food we eat and plant
cells break down glucose
to make ATP.
Plant and animal cells
break ATP into ADP
when they need energy.
Released
Energy
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From food to energy• How is ATP made?
• Cellular respiration makes ATP by
breaking down sugars.
• The process that releases energy by breaking
down food molecules in the presence of
oxygen is called cellular respiration.
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Cellular respiration and breathing
• Cellular respiration and breathing are related, but not the same.
• Breathing in lungs
– Intake of O2
– Release of CO2
• Cellular respiration
– O2 diffuses into cells
• O2 used to burn food fuel to make ATP
– CO2 diffuses out of cells
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Cellular Respiration
• BOTH plants & animals breakdown food
– For cells to obtain energy from the glucose, it
must be broken down.
– Cellular respiration releases energy from
glucose to make ATP.
• ATP is available energy for cells to use
• Reverse of photosynthesis!
– Instead of making glucose, it is broken down!
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The Cellular Respiration Equation
KEY CONCEPT
The overall process of cellular respiration
converts sugar into ATP using oxygen.
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Quick Review
• What is the photosynthesis equation?
• What is the cellular respiration equation?
Energy + 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2
6O2 + C6H12O6 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy
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ATP= Adenosine Triphosphate
Quick Review
• How do cells store energy?
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How does cellular respiration work?
• 6O2 + C6H12O6 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy
• In the presence of oxygen, glucose is
broken down and energy is released to
make ATP.
• Three main steps of cellular respiration
1. Glycolysis
2. The Krebs cycle
3. The Electron Transport Chain
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1. Glycolysis• Glycolysis is the breakdown of
one molecule of glucose into two
molecules of pyruvic acid.
1glucose 2 pyruvic acid
Glycolysis does NOT need any
oxygen.
Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm of
the cell.
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1. Glycolysis
• Requires 2 ATPs to get started
• Produces 4 ATPs– Net gain of 2 ATP’s
2 Pyruvic acid
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1. Glycolysis• Produces 2 NADH molecules
– NADH is an electron carrier.
– NADH holds high-energy electrons until they
can be transferred to other molecules.
To the electron
transport chain
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Cellular Respiration Products
1. Glycolysis
• 2 ATP
• 2 NADH
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Quick Review
• Where does glycolysis occur in the cell?
Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell• What is produced during glycolysis?
1 glucose 2 pyruvic acid
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2. The Krebs cycle
• At the end of glycolysis, about 90% of
the energy in glucose is still unused.
– To get the rest of the energy, the cell
uses oxygen to break down pyruvic
acid into in CO2 during the Kreb’s
cycle.
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2. The Krebs cycle• Pyruvic acid enters the mitochondria.
• The Krebs cycle is a series of reactions
that converts pyruvic acid into CO2
– Each turn of the Krebs cycle creates:
• 3 CO2
• 1 ATP
• 4 NADH
• 1 FADH2
Electron Carriers
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2. The Krebs cycle
Citric Acid
ProductionMitochondrion
The products after 1 spin:3 CO2
1 ATP 4 NADH1 FADH2The Krebs cycle spins twice for each molecule of glucose!!!
The products from 1 glucose:6 CO2
2 ATP 8 NADH2 FADH2
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Cellular Respiration Products
1. Glycolysis
• 2 ATP
• 2 NADH
2. The Krebs cycle
• 6 CO2
• 2 ATP
• 8 NADH
• 2 FADH2
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Quick Review
• Where does the Kreb’s cycle occur in the
cell?
Pyruvic acid enters the mitochondria
How many times does the Kreb’s cycle
spin for each molecule of glucose?
The Krebs cycle spins twice for each molecule of glucose!!!
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3. The Electron Transport Chain• Electron carriers drop off their electrons at the ETC.
– 2 NADH from glycolysis
– 8 NADH from Kreb’s Cycle
– 2 FADH2 from Kreb’s Cycle
• The ETC passes the electrons along a series of proteins until they reach an oxygen molecule at the end of the chain.
– Oxygen and hydrogen combine to produce H20
• The energy in the electrons is used to convert ADP into ATP.
– 32 ATP molecules are made in the ETC
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Section 9-2
Electron Transport
Hydrogen Ion Movement
ATP Production
ATP synthase
Channel
Inner Membrane
Matrix
Intermembrane Space
Go to
Section:
Mitochondrion
3. The Electron Transport Chain
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Cellular Respiration Products
1. Glycolysis
• 2 ATP
• 2 NADH
2. The Krebs cycle
• 6 CO2
• 2 ATP
• 8 NADH
• 2 FADH2
3. The Electron Transport Chain
• 32 ATP
ATP Totals:
2ATP
2ATP
+ 32 ATP
36 ATP
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Quick Review
• Where does the ETC occur in the cell?
The mitochondria
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Quick Review
• What are the three steps of cellular
respiration?
1. Glycolysis2. The Krebs cycle3. The Electron Transport Chain
• What stages need oxygen?
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Cellular Respiration
(C6H1206)
+
(02)
(CO2)
+
(H2O)
Go to
Section:
2 NADH 8 NADH2 FADH2
6O2 + C6H12O6 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP
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Cellular Respiration
Glucose
(C6H1206)
+
Oxygen
(02)
GlycolysisKrebs
Cycle
Electron
Transport
Chain
Carbon
Dioxide
(CO2)
+
Water
(H2O)
Go to
Section:
2 ATP 2 ATP 32 ATP
2 NADH 8 NADH2 FADH2
6O2 + C6H12O6 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP
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Cellular Respiration and Oxygen
• Cellular respiration requires oxygen to
create ATP.
• What happens if there is no oxygen?
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Fermentation
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Types of Reactions
• There are two types of reactions that can
take place during the break down of glucose.
– Aerobic Respiration
• Cellular Respiration
• Requires oxygen
– Anaerobic Respiration
• Fermentation
• In the absence of oxygen
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Aerobic Respiration:
GlycolysisKrebs CycleElectron Transport Chain
Anaerobic Respiration:
GlycolysisFermentation
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How do we know which reaction
will occur?• The type of reaction that occurs depends on
– the organism.
– the type of cell.
– the availability of oxygen (O2).
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The Availability of Oxygen
• When O2 is available, then the
organism/cell will use an AEROBIC
pathway.
– An “aerobic” reaction requires oxygen
• When O2 is not available, then the
organism/cell will use an ANAEROBIC
pathway.
– Anaerobic reactions do not require oxygen.
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Aerobic or Anaerobic?
• In either case, the break down of glucose
always begins with glycolysis.
– The main purpose of glycolysis is to make
pyruvic acid.
• Pyruvic acid is essential for fermentation
(the anaerobic path) AND cellular
respiration (the aerobic path).
glucose pyruvic acid
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Glycolysis glucose pyruvic acid
• Both fermentation and cellular respiration
begin with glycolysis.
– If O2 is available, the pyruvic acid enters the
mitochondria and begins the Krebs cycle.
– If O2 is not available, the pyruvic acid goes
through fermentation in the cytoplasm to
produce energy for the cell.
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Aerobic or Anaerobic?
Glucose
Pyruvic Acid
1. Glycolysis
O2 No O2
Cellular Respiration Fermentation
Aerobic Aneorbic
2. The Krebs cycle
+
3. Electron Transport Chain
2. Alcoholic
or
2. Lactic Acid
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Fermentation
• Fermentation can produce energy for the
cell without oxygen.
• There are two types of fermentation:
– Alcoholic fermentation
– Lactic Acid fermentation
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Alcoholic Fermentation
• Alcoholic fermentation produces alcohol.
– Pyruvic acid from glycolysis is converted into
ethyl alcohol, CO2, and NAD.
• This occurs in some plants and
unicellular organisms.
Bread rises because of alcoholic fermentation!!!
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Lactic Acid Fermentation
• Lactic acid fermentation produces lactic
acid.
– Pyruvic acid from glycolysis is converted into
lactic acid and NAD.
• This occurs in muscle cells.
– The build up of lactic acid causes muscles to
cramp.
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Fermentation
• During fermentation, ATP is not produced.
– Fermentation allows glycolysis to continue.
• Glycolysis will produce 2 ATP from each
molecule of glucose.
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Aerobic vs. Anaerobic
Aerobic
Anaerobic
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How does the body produce ATP
during different stages of exercise?
• 200 m sprint
– ATP already stored in
cells can fuel a few
seconds of intense
activity
– Lactic acid
fermentation supplies
ATP up to about 90
seconds
– Oxygen is the only
way to get rid of lactic
acid
• Marathon– Exercise lasting longer
than 90 seconds, cell
respiration is the only way
to generate ATP
– Pacing!
– Stored carbohydrates in
body tissues can supply
energy for 15 minutes of
cell respiration.
– After that, the body starts to
break down other stored
molecules, like fats.