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What is DNA?
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Variations in DNA can cause visible changes in different individuals
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Traits can be inherited!
Arlene Chambers
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Traits are inherited through genes
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http://www.biotechnologyonline.gov.au
Traits are inherited through genes
• Genes are on chromosomes
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http://www.biotechnologyonline.gov.au
Traits are inherited through genes
• Genes are on chromosomes
• One chromosome inherited from each parent
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http://www.biotechnologyonline.gov.au
Traits are inherited through genes
• Genes are on chromosomes
• One chromosome inherited from each parent
• We have two copies of each chromosome, and thus, two copies of each gene
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Different versions of genes are alleles
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2 different alleles
Different versions of genes are alleles
For each gene, you might have…
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2 different alleles 2 of the same allele
OR
Different versions of genes are alleles
For each gene, you might have…
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2 different alleles 2 of the same allele
OR
Different versions of genes are alleles
For each gene, you might have…
Combinations of alleles determine what traits you have
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Can you roll your tongue?
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Can you roll your tongue?
Yes! You carry a copy of the dominant allele.
OR
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Can you roll your tongue?
Yes! You carry a copy of the dominant allele.
OR
No! You have two copies of the recessive allele.
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Can you roll your tongue?
Yes! You carry a copy of the dominant allele.
OR
No! You have two copies of the recessive allele.
If you inherit both alleles, the dominant one is expressed.
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Can you roll your tongue?
Yes! You carry a copy of the dominant allele.
OR
No! You have two copies of the recessive allele.
Dominant does NOT mean more common!
If you inherit both alleles, the dominant one is expressed.
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The Genetic Wheel
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Single-gene Traits
L – dimples (dominant)
ll – no dimples (recessive)
Laugh DimplesLaugh Dimples
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L
l l
If you have laugh dimples, your genetic wheel will look like this…
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Single-gene Traits
Tongue Rolling
Tongue Rolling
T – can roll tongue (dominant)
tt – cannot roll tongue (recessive)
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Single-gene Traits
C – left thumb on top (dominant)
cc – right thumb on top (recessive)
Hand ClaspingHand Clasping
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Single-gene Traits
P – pinkies bend away (dominant)
pp – pinkies are straight (recessive)
PinkiesPinkies
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Single-gene Traits
E – ear lobe is free (dominant)
ee – ear lobe is attached (recessive)
Ear LobesEar Lobes
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Single-gene Traits
W – has widow’s peak (dominant)
ww – no widow’s peak (recessive)
Widow’s PeakWidow’s Peak
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Single-gene Traits
B – thumb is straight (dominant)
bb – thumb bends back (recessive)
Thumb BendThumb Bend
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3232ww bb 32
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There are 128 possible combinations from the
7 traits illustrated on the genetic wheel.
Are you the same as anyone else?
Genetic Wheel Results
71
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There are 128 possible combinations from the
7 traits illustrated on the genetic wheel.
Are you the same as anyone else?
Genetic Wheel Results
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If this much genetic variation exists in traits that are visible, imagine how different we all are in ways that we can’t see!