Download - What is classification?
What is classification?
• the grouping of objects or information based on similarities
http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=7339&rendTypeId=4
http://www.dkimages.com/discover/previews/1053/55071543.JPG
Animal Classification
http://www.saigan.com/kidscorner/animalsvlove/anib.jpg
What is taxonomy?
• the branch of biology that groups or names organisms based on the study of their different characteristics
Aristotle’s System of Classification
• Greek Philosopher (384 -322 BC)• Grouped plants and animals
– Plants: Herbs, Shrubs and Trees– Animals: on land, in the air, or in water
• Based on structural characteristics• Example: classified birds, bats and flying insects
together
http://www.kidsbiology.com/images/classification_aristotle.jpg
Linnaeus’ System of Classification• Lived:1707-1778• GOAL: To classify all known
organisms• Used flower parts to assign
different categories (species, genus, order, class)
• Based on morphology (physical and structural similarities)
• Biologists realized that bats and birds can both fly, but bats have hair and produce milk for their young and now classified as mammals
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/images/linnaeus.jpg
Binomial Nomenclature
• Bi- means 2
• Nom- means name
Binomial Nomenclature
• In Latin or Greek• Genus species• Genus means plural or genera and
consists of a group of similar species• Species describes a characteristic of the
organism• Genus is capitalized and species is
lowercase• If written (underline) or if typed (italics)
Example: European Honeybee: Apis mellifera
http://slog.thestranger.com/2007/03/where_have_all_the_bumblebees_gone
Scientific Name
• Genus species is the combination of genus and species
• Species alone is just the description of a characteristic
• Characteristics include: size, color (of body, feet, wings)
Examples of current scientific names
• Quercus: Oak trees which produce acorns
• Red Oak: Quercus rubra• Willow Oak: Quercus
phellos
• Quercus: oak, oak-tree; garland of oak leaves;
• Rubra: red, ruddy, painted red (Rubrum Mare => Red Sea, Arabian/Persian Gulf)
• Phellos: corky - bark has rough, corky ridges
http://www.jvh-nurseries.com/language/multilingual/plants/list/quercus%20rubra.jpg
http://www.fast-growing-trees.com/images/Oak-Willow-1-220w.jpg
Biological Classification based on:• Relationships between organisms
• Fossil record interpretation
• Similarities in structural and chemical makeup
• External and Internal structures
• Geographical distribution
• Chemical makeup
Why Latin?
• Common names (honeybee) varies from country to country due to language differences
• Universal language between scholars
• Most scholars were scientists
• Scientific names are universal
The Six Kingdoms
17.2
Types of characteristics used in classification:
• Morphology
• Embryology
• Chromosomes
• Biochemistry
• Physiology
• Phylogeny
• Biosystematics
Morphology
• Structure and anatomy; Reflects evolutionary relationships
Morphology
• Example: Wings of a bird and wings of an insect arise from different tissue within the embryo; Bones of the forelimb in a lizard are similar to those in the forelimb of the cat
http://mysite.verizon.net/vzepz6a9/biorefweb/homologous_structures.jpg
Homologous Structures
http://www.biologycorner.com/resources/homobones.jpg
having the same relative position, value, or structure
Homologous Structures
http://www.zoology.ubc.ca/~bio336/Bio336/Lectures/Lecture5/pentadactyl.jpg
Vestigial Structuresa bodily part or organ that is small and degenerate or imperfectly developed in comparison to one more fully developed in an earlier stage of the individual, in a past generation, or in closely related forms
http://www.answersingenesis.org/home/area/magazines/tj/images/v14n2_vestigial_structures.gif
http://www.vidyavahini.ernet.in/shishya/products/AcademicContent/CBSE/XII/Zoology/xii%20relationship%20among%20organisms/Relationship%20among%20organisms_files/image005.gif
Embryology
• Development of plants and animal cells still inside seed or egg
http://www.sspx.org/IMAGES/Miscellaneous/embryonic_comparison455x220.jpg
http://www.biologyreference.com/images/biol_01_img0111.jpg
Chromosomes
• Structure enclosed in the DNA of a cell, which carries genetic information; Chromosome number and shape (circular or linear)
http://www.ams.org/featurecolumn/images/chromosome.gif
Phylogenetic Tree
http://www.nbii.gov/portal/server.pt/gateway/PTARGS_0_2_3846_404_1617_43/http%3B/public-content%3B7087/publishedcontent/publish/ecological_issues/genetic_biodiversity/phylogenetic_trees_intro/tree.gif
Cladogram
http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evosite/evo101/images/patterns_intro.gif
Biochemistry
• Chemical make-up of the body and its systems; Metabolism; Sequence of nucleotide bases (DNA); Comparing: Proteins, amino acids sequences, DNA and RNA
Physiology
• Biological function of how the organism works; Bacteria: Fermentation of sugar (lactose), Uses citric acid as their sole source of carbon; Organisms may look similar, but different based on physiology http://www.latech.edu/tech/engr/bme/gale_classes/physiology/physiology%20picture.jpg
Phylogeny
• Evolutionary history; Line of evolutionary descent; How organisms have evolved; Characteristics based upon the same characteristics (by ancestry); GOAL: to produce classification system that is easy to use and informative regarding patterns of evolution.
Biosystematics
• Reproductive compatibility and gene flow; Classification hierarchy; Determined by similar characteristics; Characteristics: structural, chromosomal, or molecular feature distinguishing one group from another
Know the classification hierarchy:
• Kingdom-Phylum-Class-Order-Family-Genus-Species
• Least Similar……to……Most Similar
Classification Hierarchy
Order Learning Device Hierarchy Similarities
K
P
C
O
F
G
S
King
Phillip
Came
Over
Species
Genus
Family
Order
Class
Phylum
Kingdom
For
Great
Spaghetti
General Groups Contains like Phyla
Contains like Classes
Contains like Orders
Contains like Families
Contains like Genera
Contains like Species
Specific GroupsContains one group or multiple sub species
Animalia
• Eukaryotic (has cell nucleus); motile; multi-cellular; no cell walls or chlorophyll; internal cavity for digestion of nutrients
http://www.kingore.com/animalia-f.jpg
Chordata
• Dorsal hollow nerve cord, notochord, and pharyngeal pouches
Mammalia
• Warm-blooded; mammary glands; more or less covered with hair; well-developed brain
http://www.feenixx.com/science/images/a151-mammals_poster.jpg
Primate
• Good brain development; opposable thumb; sometimes big toes; lacking claws, scales, horns and hooves
http://updatecenter.britannica.com/eb/image?binaryId=52984&rendTypeId=4http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en-commons/thumb/e/e5/180px-PrimateFeet.jpg
Non-Human Primates
http://investigate.conservation.org/ImageCache/IB/content/images/primates/primates_5fmap_2ejpg/v1/image-data/1/primates_5fmap.jpg
Hominidae• Limb anatomy suitable for upright stance and
bipedal locomotion
http://updatecenter.britannica.com/eb/image?binaryId=79536&rendTypeId=4
Bipedal Locomotion
http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=55495&rendTypeId=4
Homo
• Maximum brain development (particular portions); Hand anatomy suitable for making tools
Homo sapiens
• Body proportion of modern humans; speech centers of brain well-developed; sapiens means “wise”
Hierarchy
Hierarchy Humans Gorillas
Kingdom Animalia Animalia
Phylum Chordata Chordata
Class Mammalia Mammalia
Order Primate Primate
Family Hominidae
Genus Homo
Species Homo sapiens
DefinitionsProkaryote
Eukaryote
Single Cellular
Multi-cellular
Autotroph
Heterotroph
That lack a distinct nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
Organisms that have nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
Having or consisting of a single cell
Having or consisting of more than one single cell
Makes its own food from energy taken from the sun
Gains energy from eating other organisms
Six Kingdoms
Kingdom Prokaryote or Eukaryote
Cellular Organization
Mode of Nutrition Examples
Archae-bacteria
Eubacteria
Protists
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Prokaryotic
Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic
Eukaryotic
Eukaryotic
Eukaryotic
Unicellular
Unicellular and Multicellular
Multicellular
Multicellular
Unicellular and Multicellular
Unicellular
Heterotroph or Autotroph
Heterotroph
Autotroph
Heterotroph
Heterotroph or Autotroph
Heterotroph or Autotroph
Bacteria, Cyanobacteria
Clostridium
Euglena, Amoeba, Paramecium
Mushrooms, Bracket fungi, Bread mold
yeastNon-vascular,
vascular
Invertebrates, vertebrates
P= Prokaryotic
E=Eukaryotic
U= Unicellular
M=Multicellular
H= Heterotroph
A=Autotroph
Archaebacteria
http://www.chesterfield.k12.sc.us/Cheraw%20Intermediate/DaveEvans/BiologyICP/KingdomArchaebacteria.jpg
Eubacteria
http://www.chesterfield.k12.sc.us/Cheraw%20Intermediate/DaveEvans/BiologyICP/KingdomEubacteria.jpg
Protista
http://www.chesterfield.k12.sc.us/Cheraw%20Intermediate/DaveEvans/BiologyICP/KingdomProtista.jpg
Fungi
http://www.chesterfield.k12.sc.us/Cheraw%20Intermediate/DaveEvans/BiologyICP/KingdomFungi.jpg
Plantae
http://www.chesterfield.k12.sc.us/Cheraw%20Intermediate/DaveEvans/BiologyICP/KingdomPlantae.jpg
Animalia
http://www.chesterfield.k12.sc.us/Cheraw%20Intermediate/DaveEvans/BiologyICP/KingdomAnimalia.jpg