What is biology?1 Internet
Collecting Biological Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Ecology2 Design Your Own
How can one population affect another? . . . . . 58
3 Investigate Succession in a Jar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
4 Investigate How can you determine the size of an animal population? . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
5 Internet Researching Information on Exotic Pets . . . . . 126
The Life of a Cell6 Design Your Own
Does temperature affect an enzyme reaction?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
7 Investigate Observing and Comparing Different Cell Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
8 Investigate Where is mitosis most common?. . . . . . . . . . . 214
9 InternetWhat factors influence photosynthesis? . . . . . 238
Genetics10 Internet
How can phenotypes and genotypes of plants be determined? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
11 Investigate RNA Transcription . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
12 Design Your Own What is the pattern of cytoplasmic inheritance? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
13 Investigate Modeling Recombinant DNA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354
Change Through Time14 Investigate
Determining a Rock’s Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386
15 InternetNatural Selection and Allelic Frequency . . . . . 414
16 Investigate Comparing Skulls of Three Primates . . . . . . . . 436
17 Investigate Making a Dichotomous Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460
Viruses, Bacteria, Protists, and Fungi18 Design Your Own
How sensitive are bacteria to antibiotics? . . . 496
19 Design Your Own How do Paramecium and Euglenarespond to light? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522
20 InternetDoes temperature affect yeast metabolism?. . . 544
Working in the lab is an enjoyable part of biology. BIOLABS giveyou an opportunity to do the work of a biologist and develop
your own plans for studying a question or problem. Whether you’redesigning experiments or following well-tested procedures, you’ll havefun doing these lab activities.
xivTesting enzyme reaction, p. 164
Two rabbit phenotypes, p. 415
(t)Photodisc, (b)Matt Meadows
Plants21 Design Your Own
How can you make a key for identifying conifers? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 570
22 Internet Researching Trees on the Internet. . . . . . . . . . 598
23 InternetDetermining the Number of Stomata on a Leaf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 626
24 Investigate Examining the Organs of a Flower . . . . . . . . . 658
Invertebrates25 Internet
Zebra Fish Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 686
26 Investigate Observing Planarian Regeneration . . . . . . . . . 714
27 Design Your Own How do earthworms respond to their environment?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 734
28 Design Your Own Will salt concentration affect brine shrimp hatching? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 756
29 Investigate Observing and Comparing Echinoderms . . . . . 776
Vertebrates30 Investigate
Making a Dichotomous Key for Amphibians. . . 810
31 Design Your Own Which egg shape is best? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 834
32 InternetAdaptations in Breeds of Dogs . . . . . . . . . . . . 852
33 Investigate Behavior of a Snail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 874
The Human Body34 Design Your Own
Does fatigue affect the ability to perform an exercise? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 910
35 Investigate The Action of the Enzyme Amylase on Breakfast Cereals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 936
36 Design Your Own What drugs affect the heart rate of Daphnia? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 964
37 Investigate Measuring Respiration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 988
38 Investigate What hormone is produced by an embryo? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1016
39 Internet Information on Emerging and Re-emerging Diseases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1042
xv
Cones, p. 571
Female spruce cone, p. 571
(l)Scott Nielsen/DRK Photo, (r)Michel Viard/Peter Arnold, Inc.
What is biology?1.1 Observe
Predicting Whether Mildew Is Alive . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.2 InvestigateTesting for Alcohol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.3 Observe and InferHatching Dinosaurs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Ecology2.1 Experiment
Salt Tolerance of Seeds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
2.2 Observe and InferDetecting Carbon Dioxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
3.1 ObserveLooking at Lichens. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
3.2 Compare and ContrastMarine Plankton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
4.1 Make and Use TablesFruit Fly Population Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
4.2 Use NumbersDoubling Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
5.1 Measure Species DiversityField Investigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
5.2 InvestigateConservation of Soil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
The Life of a Cell6.1 Experiment
Determine pH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
6.2 Apply ConceptsInvestigate the Rate of Diffusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
7.1 Measure in SIMeasuring Objects Under a Microscope . . . . . 173
7.2 ExperimentCell Organelles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
8.1 Formulate ModelsCell Membrane Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
8.2 Compare and Contrast Seeing Asters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
9.1 Experiment Separating Pigments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
9.2 Formulate ModelsUse Isotopes to Understand Photosynthesis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
9.3 PredictDetermine if Apple Juice Ferments . . . . . . . . . 236
Genetics10.1 Observe and Infer
Looking at Pollen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
10.2 Formulate ModelsModeling Crossing Over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
11.1 PredictTranscribe and Translate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
11.2 Make and Use TablesGene Mutations and Proteins . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
12.1 Analyze InformationIllustrating a Pedigree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
12.2 Observe and InferDetecting Colors and Patterns in Eyes . . . . . . 327
13.1 Apply ConceptsMatching Restriction Enzymes to Cleavage Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
13.2 Use NumbersStoring the Human Genome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350
Do you often ask how, what, or why about the living world around you?Sometimes it takes just a little time to find out the answers for your-
self. These short activities can be tried on your own at home or with helpfrom a teacher at school. When you’re feeling inquisitive, try a MINILAB.
xvi Freshwater pond, p. 36Marc Epstein/DRK Photo
xvii
Change Through Time14.1 Observe and Infer
Marine Fossils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
14.2 Organize DataA Time Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376
15.1 Formulate ModelsCamouflage Provides an Adaptive Advantage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398
15.2 Collect DataDetecting a Variation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
16.1 InferHow useful is an opposable thumb?. . . . . . . . 425
16.2 Analyze InformationCompare Human Proteins with Those of Other Primates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429
17.1 ClassifyUsing a Dichotomous Key in a Field Investigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446
17.2 Classify Using a Cladogram to Show Relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453
Viruses, Bacteria, Protists, andFungi18.1 Measure in SI
Measuring a Virus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476
18.2 ObserveBacteria Have Different Shapes. . . . . . . . . . . . 490
19.1 Observe and InferObserving Ciliate Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506
19.2 ObserveGoing On an Algae Hunt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511
20.1 Observe and InferGrowing Mold Spores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 530
20.2 ClassifyExamining Mushroom Gills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 538
Plants21.1 Apply Concepts
Examining Land Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561
21.2 Compare and ContrastLooking at Modern and Fossil Plants . . . . . . . 566
22.1 ExperimentIdentifying Fern Sporangia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 586
22.2 Compare and ContrastComparing Seed Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589
23.1 ObserveExamining Plant Tissues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 608
23.2 Compare and ContrastObserving Leaves. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 620
24.1 ExperimentGrowing Plants Asexually . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 634
24.2 ObserveLooking at Germinating Seeds . . . . . . . . . . . . 657
Invertebrates25.1 Observe and Infer
Observing Animal Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . 675
25.2 Observe and InferCheck Out a Vinegar Eel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 683
26.1 ObserveWatching Hydra Feed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 702
26.2 ObserveObserving the Larval Stage of Trichinella . . . . 712
27.1 Compare and ContrastIdentifying Mollusks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 726
27.2 Interpret Scientific DiagramsA Different View of an Earthworm . . . . . . . . . 730
28.1 Compare and ContrastLobster Characteristics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 743
28.2 Compare and ContrastComparing Patterns of Metamorphosis . . . . . 754
29.1 Observe and InferExamining Pedicellariae. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 764
29.2 ObserveExamining a Lancelet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 773
xvii
Color-enhanced TEMMagnification: 180 000�
Polio virus, p. 476
Anthophyte leaves, p. 446
(t)Runk-Schoenberger/Grant Heilman Photography, (b)Oliver Meckes/e.o.s./Gelderblom/Photo Researchers
xviii
Vertebrates30.1 Observe and Infer
Structure and Function of Fishes’ Gills . . . . . . 795
30.2 Compare and ContrastFrog and Tadpole Adaptations . . . . . . . . . . . . 806
31.1 Compare and ContrastComparing Feathers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 827
31.2 Compare and ContrastFeeding the Birds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 830
32.1 Compare and ContrastAnatomy of a Tooth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 843
32.2 ObserveMammal Skeletons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 845
33.1 ExperimentTesting an Isopod’s Response to Light . . . . . . 860
33.2 ExperimentSolving a Puzzle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 870
The Human Body34.1 Compare
Examine Your Fingerprints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 895
34.2 InterpretExamining Muscle Contraction . . . . . . . . . . . . 907
35.1 Interpret DataEvaluate a Bowl of Soup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 927
35.2 ObserveCompare Thyroid and Parathyroid Tissue . . . . 934
36.1 ExperimentDistractions and Reaction Time . . . . . . . . . . . . 948
36.2 Analyze InformationInterpret a Drug Label . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 959
37.1 ExperimentChecking Your Pulse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 981
37.2 ExperimentTesting Simulated Urine for Glucose . . . . . . . . 987
38.1 Observe and InferExamining Sperm, Egg, and Early Embryonic Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1006
38.2 Make and Use GraphsMaking a Graph of Fetal Size . . . . . . . . . . . . 1010
39.1 ExperimentTesting How Diseases Are Spread . . . . . . . . . 1028
39.2 Observe and InferDistinguishing Blood Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1035
Color-enhanced LMMagnification: 16�Parathyroid and thyroid
tissue, p. 934
Tadpoles, p. 803
What is biology?1.1 Analyze Information
Are promotional claims valid?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.2 Make and Use GraphsWhat can be learned from a graph? . . . . . . . . . 20
Ecology2.1 Interpret Data
How does an abiotic factor affect food production? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
2.2 Apply ConceptsHow can you organize trophic level information? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
3.1 Interpret Scientific IllustrationsHow do you distinguish between primary and secondary succession? . . . . . . . . . 68
3.2 Analyze InformationHow does oxygen vary in a tide pool? . . . . . . . 72
4.1 PredictHow rapidly can bacteria reproduce? . . . . . . . . 95
4.2 Make and Use GraphsHow is world population changing? . . . . . . . . 101
5.1 Interpret DataDoes species extinction correlate to land area? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
5.2 Think CriticallyWhy are conservation efforts sometimes controversial? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
The Life of a Cell6.1 Interpret Scientific Illustrations
What can be learned by studying the nucleus of an atom? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
6.2 Use NumbersWhy does ice float? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
7.1 Recognize Cause and EffectIs the plasma membrane a selective barrier?. . . 176
7.2 Interpret the DataWhat organelle directs cell activity? . . . . . . . . 180
8.1 Draw ConclusionsWhat happens to the surface area of a cell as its volume increases?. . . . . . . . . . . 203
8.2 Observe and InferHow does the length of the cell cycle vary? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
8.3 Interpret DataHow does the incidence of cancer vary?. . . . . 212
9.1 Recognize Cause and EffectWhy is fat the choice? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
9.2 Acquire InformationCellular respiration or fermentation? . . . . . . . 235
Genetics10.1 Analyze Information
Data Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
10.2 Interpret Scientific IllustrationsCan you identify homologous chromosomes? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
11.1 Interpret the DataWhat does chemical analysis reveal about DNA? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
11.2 Formulate ModelsHow many nitrogenous bases determine an amino acid? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
11.3 Make and Use TablesWhat type of mutation results in sickle-cell anemia? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
12.1 Apply ConceptsWhat are the chances? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
12.2 PredictHow is coat color in rabbits inherited? . . . . . . 318
12.3 Draw a ConclusionHow is Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy inherited?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
Sharpen up your pencil and your wit because you’ll needthem to solve these PROBLEM-SOLVING LABS. These labs
offer a unique opportunity to evaluate another scientist’sexperiments and data without lab bench cleanup.
xixxix
13.1 Design an ExperimentWhen is a test cross practical?. . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
13.2 Think CriticallyHow might gene transfer be verified? . . . . . . 347
13.3 Apply ConceptsHow is identification made from a DNA fingerprint? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
Change Through Time14.1 Think Critically
Could ferns have lived in Antarctica? . . . . . . . 372
14.2 Interpret DataCan a clock model Earth’s history? . . . . . . . . . 384
15.1 Interpret DataHow can natural selection be observed? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397
16.1 Use NumbersHow do primate infants and adults compare? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426
16.2 Apply ConceptsHow similar are Neandertals and humans? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433
17.1 Draw a ConclusionIs the red wolf a separate species? . . . . . . . . . 447
17.2 Use GraphsHow many species are there in each kingdom? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456
Viruses, Bacteria, Protists, and Fungi18.1 Analyze Information
What type of virus causes disease?. . . . . . . . . 480
18.2 HypothesizeCan you get food poisoning from eating home-canned foods? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492
19.1 Draw a ConclusionHow do digestive enzymes function in paramecia?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 508
19.2 Recognize Cause and EffectWhy is the number of red tides increasing? . . 514
19.3 PredictWhat changes occur during a slime mold’s life cycle? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 518
20.1 Analyze InformationWhy are chestnut trees so rare? . . . . . . . . . . . 534
20.2 Think CriticallyWhat’s inside a lichen? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542
Plants21.1 Analyze Information
How do gametophytes and sporophytes compare? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563
21.2 Apply ConceptsWhat trend in size is seen with gametophyte and sporophyte generations? . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567
22.1 Interpret DataDo bryophytes grow in South Texas? . . . . . . . 578
22.2 Apply ConceptsIs water needed for fertilization? . . . . . . . . . . 584
23.1 Apply ConceptsWhat happens if vascular tissue is interrupted? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 611
23.2 Draw ConclusionsWhat factors influence the rate of transpiration? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 619
23.3 Draw a ConclusionHow do plant stems respond to light? . . . . . . 624
24.1 Make and Use TablesWhat characteristics do mosses, ferns, and conifers share? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 640
24.2 Interpret Scientific IllustrationsHow do flowers differ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 644
xx
Guinea pig, p. 339
Mak-1
Invertebrates25.1 Interpret Scientific Diagrams
How important is the first cell division in frog development? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 676
25.2 ClassifyIs symmetry associated with other animal traits? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 682
26.1 Apply ConceptsWhy are there more species of marine sponges than freshwater sponges? . . . 695
26.2 Interpret DataWhat ocean conditions limit the number of coral species? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 704
26.3 PredictWhich came first? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 707
26.4 Interpret DataCan nematodes control weevil damage to plants? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 713
27.1 Observe and InferHow do freshwater clams reproduce? . . . . . . 724
27.2 ClassifyWhen is it an annelid?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 729
28.1 Use NumbersHow many are there? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 746
29.1 Design an ExperimentWhat makes sea cucumbers release gametes? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 768
29.2 Interpret Scientific IllustrationsWhat does a slice through an invertebrate chordate show? . . . . . . . . . . . . . 775
Vertebrates30.1 Think Critically
Why is having a lateral line system important?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 796
31.1 Analyze InformationWhere are the most endangered bird species? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 831
32.1 Analyze InformationWhich animal has the longest digestive system? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 844
33.1 Design an ExperimentIs hibernation an innate or learned behavior? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 867
33.2 Interpret DataDo birds learn how to sing? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 872
The Human Body34.1 Recognize Cause and Effect
How does your body respond to too much heat? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 896
34.2 Make and Use TablesHow does bone density differ between the sexes?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 903
34.3 Compare and ContrastHow are skin, bone, and muscle cells different? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 906
35.1 SequenceHow is digestion affected if the gallbladder is removed? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 922
35.2 Use NumbersWhat is BMI? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 928
35.3 Interpret DataHow does exercise affect levels of insulin and glucagon?. . . . . . . . . . . . . 932
36.1 Interpret and AnalyzeWhen are loud sounds dangerous to our hearing? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 954
36.2 Formulate ModelsHow do different drugs affect the levels of neurotransmitters in synapses?. . . . . . . . . . . . 957
37.1 Interpret DataHow do inhaled and exhaled air compare? . . . 973
37.2 Analyze InformationHow are electrocardiograms analyzed? . . . . . 983
38.1 Apply ConceptsWhat happens when the menstrual cycle is not exactly 28 days? . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1003
38.2 Interpret DataHow can pregnant women reduce certain birth defects? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1011
39.1 Design an ExperimentHow does the herpes simplex virus spread? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1027
39.2 Analyze InformationGet a shot or get the disease?. . . . . . . . . . . . 1040
xxi
Orange sea cucumber, p. 768
Chapter1 Scientific Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2 The Carbon Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
3 A Tropical Rain Forest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
4 Population Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
6 Action of Enzymes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
7 Comparing Animal and Plant Cells . . . . . . . . . 186
8 Chromosome Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
9 The Calvin Cycle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229The Citric Acid Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
10 Chromosome Mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
11 Copying DNA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
12 The ABO Blood Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
13 Gel Electrophoresis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346
14 The Fossilization Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373
17 Life’s Six Kingdoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454
18 A Typical Bacterial Cell. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487
19 A Paramecium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507
20 The Life of a Mushroom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539
22 Pine Needles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593
23 A Plant’s Body Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 609
24 Identifying Organs of a Flower . . . . . . . . . . . . 642
25 Cell Differentiation in Animal Development . . . 678
26 A Sponge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 694A Cnidarian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 699A Planarian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 708
27 A Snail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 723An Earthworm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 731
28 A Spider . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 749A Grasshopper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 752
29 A Sea Star . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 766A Tunicate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 774
30 A Bony Fish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 801A Frog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 804
31 An Amniotic Egg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 819Flight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 829
32 A Mammal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 846
34 The Skin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 894A Muscle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 908
35 Your Mouth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 919
36 The Eye . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 953
37 Your Heart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 982
38 Sex Cell Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1001
39 Immune Responses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1034
As you study biology, you will discover that someconcepts are better explained by detailed illustra-
tions. The INSIDE STORY features display elaborate dia-grams with step-by-step explanations of complex struc-tures or processes in biology. They are designed to help you remember some important details of biology.
xxii
Snail, p. 723
Gibbon, p. 422
xxiii
Conservation of Energy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52Conservation of Mass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53Salinity and Density of a Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71Environmental Impact of Generating Electricity . . . . . . . . 118Wave Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119Chemical Bonding and the Periodic Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146Conservation of Mass in Chemical Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . 148The Structure of Water Molecules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152Density of Liquids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153Lenses and the Refraction of Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171Solubility and the Nature of Solute and Solvent . . . . . . . . 177Conservation of Energy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185Gamma Radiation as a Wave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296Movement of Heat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369Classify Everyday Matter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493Interaction of Light and Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515
Movement of Landmasses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 564Forces Exerted by Seedlings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 655Newton’s Third Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 727Polarized Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 744Buoyancy and Density of Fluids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 800Newton’s Third Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 828Movement of Heat Through Hair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 841Teeth as Simple Machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 843Movement of Heat from the Skin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 897Joints and Levers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 899Wave Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 904Muscles Doing Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 907Physical and Chemical Changes in Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . 918Nerve Impulses and Parallel Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 946Levers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 952Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures
in Everyday Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 971
Physical Science Connections
It may not have occurred to you that biology is connected to allyour courses. In the connections, learn how biology is connected to
art, literature, and other subjects. Learn more at bdol.glencoe.com.
Connection to MathA Solution from Ratios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
Mathematics and Evolution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416
Connection to PhysicsHydraulics of Sea Stars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 778
X Rays—The Painless Probe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 912
Connection to HealthSkin Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
Medicines from Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 572
Connection to ChemistryPolymers for People. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Plant Pigments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
Painkiller Frogs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 812
Connection to Earth ScienceThe Land Bridge to the New World. . . . . . . . . 438
Mollusks as Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 736
Connection to ArtPhotographing Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Red Poppy by Georgia O’Keeffe . . . . . . . . . . . 628
Connection to LiteratureOur National Parks by John Muir . . . . . . . . . . . 86
The Lives of a Cell by Lewis Thomas. . . . . . . . 190
Connection to Social StudiesQueen Victoria and Royal Hemophelia . . . . . . 332
The Dangers of Fungi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 546
Chapter1 Scientific Theories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1060
3 Biomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1062
7 Microscopes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1064
13 Selective Breeding of Cats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1066
16 Primates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1068
17 Kingdoms of Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1070
18 Viruses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1074
21 Plants for People . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1076
28 Insects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1080
31 Dinosaurs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1084
32 Placental Mammals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1086
36 Evolution of the Brain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1090
Some topics of biology deserve more attention than oth-ers because they’re unusual, informative, or just plain
interesting. Here are several features that FOCUS ON thesefascinating topics. Learn more at bdol.glencoe.com/news.
Chapter1 Nature Preserve Interpreter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2 Science Reporter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
6 Weed/Pest Control Technician . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
9 Biochemist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
11 Genetic Counselor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
13 Forensic Analyst. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
17 Biology Teacher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448
18 Dairy Farmer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481
22 Lumberjack. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 596
24 Greens Keeper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 652
25 Marine Biologist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 674
27 Microsurgeon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 732
31 Wildlife Artist/Photographer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 822
32 Animal Trainer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 847
36 Pharmacist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 958
37 Registered Nurse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 974
38 Midwife . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1014
xxiv
W hat can you do with a knowledge of biology? Why is biology so important to you? Knowing about
biology can start you on a journey into any one of theseexciting careers. Learn more at bdol.glencoe.com/careers.
Wildlife photographer, p. 822
Johnny Johnson/DRK Photo
Chapter1 Organic Food: Is it healthier? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2 The Everglades—Restoring an Ecosystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
14 The Origin of Life. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388
18 SuperBugs Defy Drugs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498
22 Environment: Keeping a Balance. . . . . . . . . . . 600
26 Why are the corals dying?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 716
28 Gypsy Moths Move Westward . . . . . . . . . . . . 758
31 Illegal Wildlife Trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 836
32 What should be the role of modern zoos? . . . 854
35 Evaluate the Promise of Weight Loss as aPromotional Claim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 938
37 Finding Transplant Donors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 990
39 Destroy or Preserve? The Debate over Smallpox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1044
Chapter6 The “Good” News and the “Bad” News
About Cholesterol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
11 Scanning Probe Microscopes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
13 New Vaccines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356
17 Molecular Clocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462
19 The Diversity of Diatoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 524
24 Hybrid Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 660
25 Mighty Mouse Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 688
33 Tracking Sea Turtles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 876
36 Scanning the Mind. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 966
38 Human Growth Hormone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1018
How does biology impact our society? How does biology affect whatyou eat, the world around you, and your future? Take this opportunity
to understand the many different sides of issues, and learn how biotechnol-ogy may affect your life. Learn more at bdol.glencoe.com/biology_societyand bdol.glencoe.com/biotechnology.
Healthy coral reef, p. 716