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What is a Mineral?
� A mineral is a naturally occurring, inorganic solid
that has a crystal structure and a definite chemical
composition.
Pyromorphite
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What do all minerals have in common?� For a substance to be a mineral it must have these 5
characteristics:
1. Formed by natural processes on or inside Earth- no help from
humans
2. Is inorganic- was never alive. For example, although coal was
formed naturally in earth’s crust it came from plants and is
therefore, not a mineral
3. Is a solid, with definite volume and shape. Liquids cannot be
minerals!
4. Minerals always contains certain elements that give it a unique
chemical composition (makeup). Some minerals are compounds
which are made up of more than one element.
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The Structure of Minerals
� 5. Have a crystalline shape- the particles of a mineral line up in a pattern that repeats forming a crystal.
� Crystal- solid with atoms arranged in an orderly, repeating pattern
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How do minerals form?There are 2 ways that crystals
form:
� The cooling of hot, liquid rock called magma causes
compounds to combine
� Magma cools slowly= crystals are large
� Magma cools quickly= crystals are small
� The evaporation of water
that has minerals dissolved in
it
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How do we identify Minerals?
� We look at Physical Properties
� These include:
� Color/Appearance
� Luster
� Streak
� Hardness
� Cleavage/Fracture
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Physical Properties of Minerals
(can be used to identify the mineral)
Color
� Can be misleading
� Many minerals will have a
similar appearance, but will
have different impurities
� Color and appearance are not
enough to distinguish minerals
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Physical Properties of Minerals
(can be used to identify the mineral)
Luster
� Luster refers to the way a mineral reflects light from its
surface
� Metallic = shiny like metal
� Non-metallic = dull, non-shiny surface, can include
pearly, silky, and glassy
� We can also use toher terms such as waxy, pearly,
glassy, dull, and silky
Pyrite has a metallic luster
Calcite has a non-metallic luster
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Streak
� The color of the powdered form of the mineral
� We find a minerals streak by rubbing it on a white ceramic plate
� The color of the streak can be different than the mineral
� Minerals must be softer than the streak plate
Physical Properties of Minerals
(can be used to identify the mineral)
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Streak…can help identify quartz
http://www.childrensmuseum.org/geomysteries/cube/b3.html
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Hardness
� How easily a mineral scratches materials
� Mohs Hardness Scale� Scale from 1 (softest) to 10 (hardest)
� Test by seeing if the mineral can scratch different objects (like human fingernail, copper, penny, glass, steel file)
Physical Properties of Minerals
(can be used to identify the mineral)
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Cleavage & Fracture
� The way the mineral breaks
� Cleavage—minerals break
along smooth, flat surfaces
and every fragment has the same general shape
� Fracture—minerals that
break at random with
rough or jagged edges
Physical Properties of Minerals
(can be used to identify the mineral)
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Cleavage or Fracture?
1.
4.3.
2.
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Physical Properties of Minerals
(can be used to identify the mineral)
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Review
1. What is a Mineral?
2. Name 2 things that all minerals have in
common?
3. What are two special properties that some minerals may have?
4. How are minerals identified?
A naturally occurring solid with a crystal structure
Inorganic, Crystalline Structure, Formed Naturally, Unique Chemical Composition
Fluorescent, magnetic, optical properties, chemical reactions, taste, radioactive
Color, Luster, Streak, Hardness, Cleavage, Fracture
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HOMEWORK 8/17/15DUE WEDNESDAY 8/19/15
� Go ahead and
write your
homework in your
agenda. Enter into
a KIM CHART…
� Cleavage
� Fracture
� Gem
� Ore
� Mineral
� Crystal
� Magma
� Silicate
� Hardness
� Luster
� Specific gravity
� Streak