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Welcome to Mr. Stafford’s Earth Science Class!
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This class will be geared to prepare you for your future science courses.
You will see some basic chemistry, biology, math, etc.
The material we cover will definitely include all things earth. ◦ Volcanoes◦ Rocks◦ Atmosphere◦ And so on
What to expect
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Can you guess what city in North Carolina I’m from?
A little Quiz about myself
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I attended Porter Ridge High School. Can you guess the school’s mascot?
What year do you think I graduated from high school?◦2007
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What college did I attend? Hint: it’s very cold
Do you think I joined a Fraternity?◦ Eventually became President
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With all that being said, how old do you think I am?
I’ll never say
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On a sheet of paper, tell me:1. Your preferred name/age/grade2. What are your hobbies?3. What types of clubs/sports do you participate in?4. Name one thing you could teach someone else?5. What is one place you would like to visit in your lifetime?6. What is your weakest/strongest subject?7. Do you have access to the internet at home?8. Is there any kind of condition or situation that I need to be
aware of? (home or school)9. What are your goals after high school?10. If you plan on attending college, what schools do you have in
mind?11. Name anything you want to learn that pertains to Earth
Science.12. Contact information for your parents
About You
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For thousands of years, early human history, it was believed that supernatural forces caused all the major events, such as earthquakes, volcanoes, and tidal waves
So what is Earth Science?
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Earth Science is the study of the earth and of the universe around it.
Four main branches of Earth Science◦ Geology◦ Oceanography◦ Meteorology◦ Astronomy
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What kinds of things threaten our survival?
Ecology is the area of science looks at biology and earth science. Answers questions like how a particular group of animal or plant is influenced by their environment.
Environmental pollution Protecting the environment
Why is Earth Science Important?
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On your laptops, go to www.sascurriculumpathways.com/login
Log in as student, username is: wwhs On the right hand side of the screen you will
see a quick launch box. Enter the code 474 Click on Forecasting Earth’s Future and
begin reading the assignment. Use the links provided to write your essay.
Earth’s Future Assignment
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Earth Science – the study of earth and the universe around it.
4 main branches:◦ Geology◦ Oceanography◦ Meteorology◦ Astronomy◦ You can also include Environmental Study
If you had to choose, what type of branch would you consider pursuing or making a career out of? Tell me why
Warm-up #1Jan. 6
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http://exploringorigins.org/timeline.html
About how old is earth?Where on the timeline do you think humans
came about?What about the dinosaurs?
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State a problem◦ Often a result of observation. ◦ What causes tornadoes to form? Why is oil found
only in certain locations and not in others? Gather information/Research
◦ Investigate the problem, see what has been done already.
Form a Hypothesis◦ A possible explanation or solution to the problem.
Based on facts, established through observation
Scientific Method
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Test the Hypothesis/Experiment◦ A hypothesis will not be accepted by the scientific
community unless there is evidence to support it. Gather Data/Make Observations
◦ You will take measurements or record observations in order to analyze the results.
State a Conclusion◦ After analyzing the data, a conclusion can be
drawn. Here your hypothesis is either accepted or rejected.
Scientific Method
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The Nebular Hypothesis◦ Suggests that the bodies of
our solar system evolved from an enormous rotating cloud called the solar nebula. Made up of mostly hydrogen
and helium
Formation of the Earth
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We are going to split into groups of 3 or 4. Each group will be investigate all the areas
of Earth Science.◦ Geology, Oceanography, Meteorology, Astronomy,
Environmental science In your group use your textbook and laptops
to find the definition of each branch and the major topics covered by them
The information you gather should go under your notes section
Assignment
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The study of the origin, history, and structure of the solid earth and the processes that shape it◦ Many fields:
Geology
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The study of earth’s oceans and other bodies of water.
Oceanography
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The study of earth’s atmosphere
Meteorology
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Study of the universe beyond earth
Astronomy
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The branch of biology that deals with the relationship of organisms and their environments
Environmental Science
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Earth System Science◦ Earth is a dynamic planet with many separate but
interactive parts or spheres. Its aim is to understand earth as a system made up of numerous interacting parts, or subsystems.
◦ Tries to put together what we know from the main branches discussed earlier.
What do you think are the main spheres of Earth? There are 4 of them.
Warm-up #2Jan. 9
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There are four major sphere we use to describe the physical and interactive environment:◦ Hydrosphere◦ Atmosphere◦ Geosphere ◦ Biosphere
Earth’s Major Spheres
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What does the prefix hydro- mean?
All water makes up the hydrosphere
Only 3% of all water is fresh◦Streams◦Glaciers◦groundwater
Hydrosphere
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Life-sustaining, thin, gaseous envelope that surrounds the Earth
Provides the air we breath Protects us from the sun’s
intense heat and UV radiation
The constant exchange of energy produces weather and climate
Atmosphere
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Beneath both the atmosphere and the ocean
Divided into 3 layers:◦Core◦Mantle◦Crust
Geosphere
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Includes all life on Earth Plants and animals
depend on the physical environment for life
Without life the makeup and nature of the solid earth, hydrosphere, and atmosphere would be very different.
Biosphere
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Independent Variable◦ During an experiment, these are what you are changing
◦ Ex. The different types of fertilizer you give a plant
Dependent Variable◦ These are the things you are measuring◦ Ex. The growth of the plants
Control Group◦ These groups aren’t changed and remain constant◦ Used for comparisons
Variables
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Known as SI
This system was originally proposed in 1670, but was not actually created until 1791. In 1875, 17 countries, including the US, agreed to use the new system of measures as the standard.
It has changed over the years
International System of Units
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Units You Should Use
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The meter is the length of path traveled by light in vacuum during a time interval of 1/299,792,458 of a second.
By the way, this definition depends on the fact that the speed of light is defined (not measured) as exactly 299,792,458 meters per second.
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The SI units are not only based on scientific fact, but also allow you to deal with large or small quantities more easily
We use prefixes which are all powers of 10 of the base unit to convert between units
SI Units
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In order to convert between units we must use a process called factor labeling.
Conversions
Given value What you are looking for
Unit of what you are given
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Convert 64.8 cm to m
Examples
64.8 cm
100 cm
10-2 m
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Convert 0.2410 Kg → g
Examples
0.2410 Kg 103 g
100 Kg
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0.75 Kg to milligrams
Practice
Given value What you are looking for
Unit of what you are given
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1. The earth scientist most likely to study storms is __________
2. The study of solid earth or rocks is called __________
3. A possible explanation for a scientific problem is called what?
4. A meteorite land in your back yard. Which earth scientist would you call to study the meteorite? Why?
5. List the 6 scientific steps
TICKET OUT THE DOOR
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Warm-up #3 Jan. 10
Theory of Evolution Law of Thermodynamics
TheoryAn explanation of whyTheories can never be
proven as factTheories usual have
models associated with them
They are continually modified and retested
LawAn explanation of how
These are scientific factLaws usually have equations associated
with them.
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Warm-up #4 Jan. 11
Plate Tectonics◦ According to this theory, Earth’s Lithosphere is
broken into several individual sections called plates.
◦ These plates move slowly and continuously across the surface
◦ This is what generates earthquakes, volcanic activity and deformation of large masses of rock into mountains
In your journal, record what you think it means to be both accurate and precise.
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Measurements in science have 2 parts. A number and a unit. Without the unit the number is irrelevant
Measurements also need to have 2 qualities◦ Accuracy ◦ Precision
Measurements in data collection
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Accuracy is defined as the correctness of measurement.
Precision is the exactness of a measurement or how close a group is to one another.
Accuracy and Precision
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Accuracy is defined as being within 5% of the accepted value for that measurement
Precision is determined by the measuring instrument. The smaller the divisions are on a the measuring device the more precise the measurement will be.
Accuracy and Precision in Measurements
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Since measuring devices determine precision, you must use the device correctly to be as precise as possible
All measurements must have a digit of uncertainty at the end
A digit of uncertainty (DOU) is one place that past what can be measured EXACTLY.
The DOU is an estimate
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Once your data has been collected it needs to be ORGANIZED
What is the best way to organize data??
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The best and most common way of organizing data are through charts and graphs.
Give me some types of graphs:◦ Bar graphs◦ Line graphs◦ Pie graph
GRAPHS!!
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Graphs are a good way of visually organizing lot of information for quick access and understanding
They show trends that may not be seen through data alone
One thing that all graphs have in common is a title that explains the graph
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Shows change, most commonly change over time
A line graph is drawn with the independent variable on the x-axis and the dependent on the y-axis
Line Graphs
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Title
Depend
ent V
aria
ble
Independent Variable
Year
Population in Wilkes County
1980 58657
1985 59848
1990 59502
1995 61825
2000 65777
2005 66444
2010 67310
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Bar graphs are good for comparing data
Bar Graph
County Population
Alleghany 10964
Ashe 25812
Surry 72496
Watauga 45479
Wilkes 67310
Yadkin 37713
Title
Depend
ent
Varia
ble
Independent Variable
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Useful for showing percentages or part of a whole
Circle or Pie Graph
Kind of land used
Percentage of total
landGrassland and rangeland 29Wilderness and parks 9Urban 2Wetland and deserts 3Forest 30Cropland 17
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Value you want to find × 100 = Percent
Total Number
Ex: 12 chocolate cookies × 100 = ~33 %36 total cookies
How to Find Percentages
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Pie Chart BirthdaysMonth People PercentageJanuary
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October November December
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List the four main spheres on earth and tell me something about each.
Why is having the SI system or standard units important in the scientific community?
The variable that is changed is called what? The variable that is measured is called what? 57.32 mL to L Milligrams = _______ if 7.3 x 104 micrograms
TICKET OUT THE DOOR
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Draw and label earth’s layers
List out the main areas or branches of Earth Science and give me one thing that each does.
Warm-up #5 Jan.12
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What hypothesis describes the formation of Earth?
The Nebular Hypothesis◦ Suggests that the bodies of
our solar system evolved from an enormous rotating cloud called the solar nebula. Made up of mostly
hydrogen and helium
Formation of the Earth
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Layers of Earth
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Which branch studies the composition and movements of seawater?
Oceanography What type of things would an
oceanographer do or research?◦ Marine biology◦ Seafloor mapping◦ Coastal processes
Branches of Earth Science
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What branch studies the atmosphere and the processes that produce weather and climate?
Meteorology Studies weather
What branch studies the universe? Astronomy Studies origins and physical laws
Branches of Earth Science
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What area studies the solid rock and historical aspects of Earth?
Geology
What area studies the relationships between Earth and living things?
Environmental Science Ecosystems
Branches of Earth Science
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What are they?◦ Hydrosphere◦ Atmosphere◦ Geosphere◦ Biosphere
Earth’s Major Sphere
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Large sectional plates that are continuously moving
Generates earthquakes, volcanic activity and leads to the formation of mountains.
What are Plate Tectonics?
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0.00456
7.23 x 10-3
9.1 x 104
Scientific Notation
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Short Answer21. List and briefly describe Earth’s four major Spheres.22. What is the difference between a scientific hypothesis and a
scientific theory?23. List the 6 steps of the scientific method.
Problem24. Convert 4.5 km to m25. 0.0024 mm to cm26. Convert 0.00031 g to µg (micro)
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Using at least 5 complete sentences explain why scientist use the international system of measurments.
Essay