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Welcome to ES150:Structural Geology
January 4, 2005
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First Day Stuff• Course Objectives• Go over Syllabus• Lab Schedule• Course Calendar• Waiver• What is Structure About?• Any questions about tsunamis?• And on to…Quick overview of the state of California
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What is Structural Geology?
• Study of Forces and Stress that affect and modify the solid earth
• Rock deformation resulting from that stress (= strain)– Plate scale tectonics (geologic history)– Regional scale activity (terranes)– Outcrop scale– Microscale (minerals and fine rock fabrics)
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What Structure Does
• Stresses are due to tectonic plate motions
• Structures in Rocks preserve information about past stresses
• Structural geologists correlate back across time and different scales to reconstruct paleo-tectonics
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Economic Reasons to do this
• Metallic Ore Deposits often reside in ancient continents collision zones and in fault breccias
• Hydrocarbon resources travel along faults and collect in the tops of folds
• Faults create hazards• Rock failure studies are important to
infrastructure• Geothermal heat in extensional faults can be
used to produce energy (with help from Ty).
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Academic Reasons to Do this
• Understand Earth History - How have the continents moved in the past?
• Understand Earth Processes - How do mountain ranges form?
• Exciting field work opportunities!
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Microscale
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2mm
Measured Rotation
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Outcrop Scale
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Measured Local Pressure
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Regional Scale
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Local Stresses Over Large Area
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Plate - Scale
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Alleghanian Orogeny builds AppalachiansWhen North America hits Gondwanaland
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Giant Quake and Tsunami12/26/04
http://www.ineter.gob.ni/geofisica/tsunami/com/20041226-indonesia/rupture.htm
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Quake Location - First Rupture
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Moment (=energy) distribution
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OnTo
California…
A quick overview of
what structural studies have
revealed…
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MODOC PLATEAU
KLAMATHMTS
SIERRA NEVADAMICROPLATE
MOHAVEDESERT
GREAT VALLEY
COASTRANGES
BASIN &RANGE
TRANSVERSERANGES
TECTONIC REGIONS OF CALIFORNIA
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SA
N A
ND
RE
AS
FAU
LT
GARLOCKFAULT
ACTIVE FAULTING IN CALIFORNIA
SIERRA FRONT / BASIN & RANGE
JUAN DEFUCA TRENCH
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Pre-CAMBRIAN (4.5Ba-570Ma)
ROCKS OF CALIFORNIA
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Pre-Cambrian California
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Warm, tropical, carbonate reefLike this photo only no people and no coral yet
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PALEOZOIC (570-235Ma) ROCKS OF
CALIFORNIA
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Paleozoic California
Micro-continent 50-car pile-up Imagine terranes accreting west-to-east in CA
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MESOZOIC (235-65Ma) IGNEOUS
ROCKS OF CALIFORNIA
MESOZOIC (235-65Ma) DEEP
MARINE SEDIMENT
MESOZOIC (235-65Ma) SHALLOW
MARINE
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MESOZOIC CALIFORNIAPre-Sierras
Central Valley
Coast Ranges
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CENOZOIC (65Ma-NOW) IGNEOUS
ROCKS OF CALIFORNIA
CENOZOIC SEDIMENT
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CENOZOIC SED. CENOZOIC IG.
MESOZOIC SED. MESOZOIC IG. PALEOZOIC
Pre-CAMBRIAN
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SA
N A
ND
RE
AS
FAU
LT
GARLOCKFAULT
SIERRA FRONT / BASIN & RANGE
JUAN DEFUCA TRENCH
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80 Million Yrs to Today
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