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ALBUKHARY INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITYFOUNDATION STUDIES PROGRAMME 2011-2012
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ALBUKHARY INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITYFOUNDATION STUDIES PROGRAMME 2011-2012
FCC133
INFORMATION LITERACY
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ALBUKHARY INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITYFOUNDATION STUDIES PROGRAMME 2011-2012
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ALBUKHARY INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITYFOUNDATION STUDIES PROGRAMME 2011-2012
FCC133 INFORMATION LITERACY
Week 8APA Citation
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CITATION & DOCUMENTING
INFORMATION SOURCES
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ALBUKHARY INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITYFOUNDATION STUDIES PROGRAMME 2011-2012
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Why Source Integration?
Quotations, paraphrases, and summaries provide support for claims or add credibility to your writing
refer to work that leads up to the work you are now doing
give examples of several points of view on a subject
call attention to a position that you wish to agree or disagree
with
highlight a particularly striking phrase, sentence, or passageby quoting the original
distance yourself from the original by quoting it in order tocue readers that the words are not your own
expand the breadth or depth of your writing
Quoting, paraphrasing, and summarizing. (2004). Purdue University Online Writing Lab. Retrieved September 28, 2007, fromhttp://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/research/r_quotprsum.html
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Choosing Text to Integrate
1. Read the entire text, noting the key pointsand main ideas.
2. Summarize in your own words what thesingle main idea of the essay is.
3. Paraphrase important supporting pointsthat come up in the essay.
4. Consider any words, phrases, or brief
passages that you believe should bequoted directly.
References:
Quoting, paraphrasing, and summarizing. (2004). Purdue University Online Writing Lab. Retrieved September28, 2007, from http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/research/r_quotprsum.html
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Summarizing
When you summarize, you put the mainidea(s) into your own words, including onlythe main point(s). Summarized ideas must be attributed to
the original source. Summaries are significantly shorter than
the original. Summaries take a broad overview of
source material.
References:
Quoting, paraphrasing, and summarizing. (2004). Purdue University Online Writing Lab.Retrieved September 28, 2007, fromhttp://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/research/r_quotprsum.html
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ALBUKHARY INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITYFOUNDATION STUDIES PROGRAMME 2011-2012
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Summarizing
Instead of using many direct quotations
in an essay, it is better to paraphrase
and summarize your sources wheneverpossible.
Use your own words.
Do not use quotation marks. State only the most important idea or
fact.
Use as few words as possible7
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ALBUKHARY INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITYFOUNDATION STUDIES PROGRAMME 2011-2012
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Paraphrasing
Paraphrasing involves putting apassage from source material into your
own words.
Attribute paraphrases to their originalsources.
Paraphrases are usually shorter than, but
may be the same length as the original
passage.
Paraphrases take a more focused segment
of the source and condense it slightly.
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ALBUKHARY INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITYFOUNDATION STUDIES PROGRAMME 2011-2012
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Paraphrasing
Use paraphrasing as an alternative to direct
quotation. It can be used for short
passages.
Use your own words. Keep all the details of the original.
Cite the source and the date.
Do NOT use quotation marks
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ALBUKHARY INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITYFOUNDATION STUDIES PROGRAMME 2011-2012
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Paraphrasing
Example:Direct quotation:
Martin Stephen (1998) says that "a hugepurpose built campus means that everyoneis guaranteed accommodation in the firstyear."
Paraphrase:The specially built campus is very large soall first year students can live there(Stephen, 1998)
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6 Steps to Effective Paraphrasing1. Reread the original passage until you understand its full
meaning.
2. Set the original aside, and write your paraphrase on anote card.
3. Jot down a few words below your paraphrase to remindyou later how you envision using this material. At the top
of the note card, write a key word or phrase to indicatethe subject of your paraphrase.
4. Check your rendition with the original to make sure thatyour version accurately expresses all the essentialinformation in a new form.
5. Use quotation marks to identify any unique term orphraseology you have borrowed exactly from the source.
6. Record the source (including the page) on your note cardso that you can credit it easily if you decide toincorporate the material into your paper.
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ALBUKHARY INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITYFOUNDATION STUDIES PROGRAMME 2011-2012
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Quoting
Use the author's words exactly.
Use quotation marks only for short quotations.
If your quotation has more than 40 words do not use
quotation marks. Indent quotations of more than 40
words.
Give the year of publication in parentheses after the
writers name and the page number at the end of the
quotation, OR the writer's name, year of publication,
page number in parentheses at the end of thequotation. Dont forget to put a period AFTER the
parentheses not before.
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Quoting
Quotations must be identical to the original.
Quotations use a narrow segment of the source.
They must match the source document word for
word and must be attributed to the original author. Use quotes when the actual words are so integral
to the discussion that they cannot be replaced.
Use quotes when the authors words are soprecisely and accurately stated that they cannot be
paraphrased.
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ALBUKHARY INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITYFOUNDATION STUDIES PROGRAMME 2011-2012
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Quoting
Quotations from books.
Example 1:Olweus (1999) says that "Many studies haveshown that both children and adults behave moreaggressively after having observed someone else,a model acting aggressively" (p. 43).
Example 2:
"Many studies have shown that both children andadults behave more aggressively after havingobserved someone else, a model actingaggressively" (Olweus, 1999, p. 43).
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ALBUKHARY INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITYFOUNDATION STUDIES PROGRAMME 2011-2012
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Signal Phrases and In-Text Citation
Signal phrases introduce someone elses work they signal that the words and ideas that are about
to be offered belong to someone other than the
author of the paper.
In-text citations are the parenthetical pieces ofinformation that appear usually at the end of a quote,
paraphrase, or summary (though they sometimes
appear before).
A simple rule:Authoror Title, Year, and Page: what isnt signaledup
front must be citedat the end.
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Signal Phrases and In-Text Citation
(continued)
In-Text Citation. . . end of paraphrased sentence, in which you convey the
author's ideas in your own words (Krepp, 1985, p. 103).
" . . . end of quoted sentence" (Krepp, 1985, p. 103).
Signal PhrasesIn 1985, Krepp reported that . . . (p. 103).
Krepp (1985) tells us that . . . (p. 103).
According to Krepp (1985), ". . ." (p. 103).
Documenting sources at SNHU: APA style. (n.d.). Southern New Hampshire University. Retrieved September 17, 2007 fromhttp://acadweb.snhu.edu/documenting_sources/apa.htm#Use%20a%20citation%20when%20you%20paraphrase
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Signal Phrases and In-Text
Citation (continued)
Multiple Authors signaled (Alphabetical)Studies (Jones, 1966; Krepp, 1985; Smith, 1973) have shown
that . . .
No Author("Stocks Lose Again," 1991, p. B16).According to the news article Stocks Lose Again (1991) end
paraphrase or quote (p. B16).
No Page NumberProvide other information in signal phrase
Documenting sources at SNHU: APA style. (n.d.). Southern New Hampshire University. Retrieved September 17, 2007 fromhttp://acadweb.snhu.edu/documenting_sources/apa.htm#Use%20a%20citation%20when%20you%20paraphrase
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Signal Phrases and In-Text
Citation (continued) Internet newspaper/journal quotations.
Example 1:"More flexibility in primary teaching may also see many great names and important eventsdropped from the National Curriculum" (Cassidy, 2000).
Example 2:Cassidy (2000) says that "Historians fear the move will lower standards and stop thedevelopment of innovative courses".
An article with no writer's name. (Write the first 2 words ofthe title)
Example:"The country's top comprehensive with its 98% rating for top grade GCSEs is a rather unusualone" (Top of, 1998).
An article by a government agency. (Write the first 2 wordsof the title. If there is no title, write the name of the agency.Example: (DirectGov, 2008))
Example:Two thirds of all bullying is verbal, and increasingly this happens in un-moderated chat rooms orby instant messaging, or via text messages on mobile phones. Bullying can be subtle but mostof the time, if your child is being bullied, they know who is doing it to them. (Dealing With, 2008)
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ALBUKHARY INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITYFOUNDATION STUDIES PROGRAMME 2011-2012
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1st Level 2nd Level 3rd Level
QUOTE PARAPHRASE SUMMARIZE
Example:
Martin Taylor (2012) says thatmy class is dull and
uninteresting.
Example:
He said that the class is ratherplain and bored (Taylor, 2012).
Example:
Taylor and a few otherresearchers said that class are
dull (Stephen, 2004; Taylor,
2012; & Misha, 2009)
Lower Middle High
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ReferencesAmerican Psychological Association. (2001). Publication manual of the American
Psychological Association (5th ed.). Washington D.C.: American PsychologicalAssociation.
APA formatting and style guide The OWL at Purdue. (2007). Purdue University Online
Writing Lab. Retrieved October 01, 2007, from
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/
Documenting sources at SNHU: APA style. (n.d.). Southern New Hampshire University.
Retrieved September 17, 2007 from
http://acadweb.snhu.edu/documenting_sources/apa.htm#Use%20a%20citation%20when
%20you%20paraphrase
Homepage: APA style. (2007). American Psychological Association. Retrieved October 1,
2007 from http://apastyle.apa.org
Perrin, R. (2007). Pocket guide to APA style (2nd ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Quoting, paraphrasing, and summarizing. (2004). Purdue University Online Writing Lab.
Retrieved September 28, 2007, from
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/research/r_quotprsum.html 20