Download - Week 7 Selection of Ferrous Material (1)
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Hanafi,JKM,PPD,2015 1
En. Muhammad Hanafi Bin Asril Rajo Mantari
DAM 21102ENGINEERING MATERIALS SELECTION
SELECTION OF FERROUS MATERIALS
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CONTENT1. Introduction2. Designation, Classification & specification for
Steel3. Procurement & Specification
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Introduction
Ferrous metals & alloys – irons with carbon added to them– Alloys < 2% C – STEEL– Alloys > 2% C – CAST IRON
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Fe-C Phase Diagram
Cast Iron
Steel
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Overview
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Low-Carbon SteelsMedium-Carbon Steels High-Carbon Steels
Cast Irons Stainless Steels
Example of Product
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Designation, Classification, and Specifications for Steels
• Designation:– American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard E 527 –
The Unified Numbering System (UNS) of Metals and Alloys.
• Classification according to:– Composition– Strength– Product Shape, Finish Processing and Quality Descriptors
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DesignationUNS of Nonferrous Metals & Alloys
• A00001 – A99999 : Al & Al alloys• C00001 – C99999 : Cu & Cu alloys• E00001 – E99999 : rare earth & rare earth like metals & alloys• L00001 – L99999 : low melting metals & alloys• M00001 – M99999 : misc. nonferrous metals & alloys• N00001 – N99999 : Ni & Ni alloys• P00001 – P99999 : precious metals & alloys• R00001 – R99999 : reactive & refractory metals & alloys• Z00001 – Z99999 : Zn & Zn alloys
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UNS of Ferrous Metals & Alloys• D00001 – D99999 : specified mechanical properties
steels• F00001 – F99999 : cast irons and cast steels• G00001 – G99999 : AISI and SAE carbon & alloy steels• H00001 – H99999 : AISI H-steels• J00001 – J99999 : cast steels (except tool steels)• K00001 – K99999 : misc. steels & ferrous alloys• S00001 – S99999 : heat & corr. Resistant (stainless)
steels• T00001 – T99999 : tool steels
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AISI-SAE vs ASTM vs ASME Designations
• ASTM designation is an arbitrarily chosen number prefixed by the letter “A”, which is designated for ferrous materials AXYZ
• ASTM designation are also adopted by ASME* and prefixed by letter “S” SAXYZ
• ASME = American Society for Mechanical Engineers
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Classification According to CompositionCarbon Content Alloy Content
Low Carbon: < 0.25%
Medium Carbon: 0.25 – 0.55%
High Carbon: > 0.55%
Tool steels and stainless steels
Plain Carbon – no alloying element except Mn up to 1.65%
Low Alloy – total alloy content < 5%
High Alloy – total alloy content > 5%
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Classification According to Composition• Plain carbon and low alloy steels coded
according AISI – SAE* system• AISI – American Iron and Steel Institution• SAE – Society for Automotive Engineering
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AISI-SAE system of designations for carbon and low alloy steels
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Carbon Steels• 10XX or 10XXX– First two digits (10) – type of alloy addition– XX / XXX indicates % carbon when divided by
100– Eg: 1010 0.1% C; 10100 1%C– Exceptional for 9XX (SAE grades XX indicates
minimum yield strength in ksi)
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Classification According to Strength
• Start with properties of structural quality plain C steels with low yield strength generally < 40 ksi
• Common materials used for construction buildings, bridges and ships
• Low strength : < 40 ksi– Hot rolled
• High strength : 40 – 120 ksi– Up to 80 ksi Hot rolled with ferrite-pearlite or reduced pearlite
microstructures; Low alloy additions (HSLA) eg. SAE 9XX steels– Excess 80 ksi fine structure of lower bainite, and/or quenched and
tempered martensite • Ultra-high strength : min. 200 ksi
– All quenched and tempered medium carbon, low alloy steels or aged high-alloy steels and low-carbon maraging steels
– Used as aerospace and defense industry structural materials
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ASTM Specifications for structural quality carbon steel platesSpec. Steel Type and conditionC SteelA36 Carbon steel plates, bars and shapes
A131 Carbon and HSLA steel plates, bars, shapes and rivets for ships
A283 Carbon steel plates of low or intermediate tensile strength
A284 C-Si steel plates of low or intermediate tensile strength for machine
parts & general construction
A440 C steel plates, bars & shapes of high tensile strength
A529 C steel plates, bars, shapes & sheet piling with 290 MPa (42 ksi) min. yield point
A573 C steel plates for applications requiring toughness at atmospheric temperature.
A678 Quenched and tempered C steel plates
A709 C, alloy & HSLA steel plates, bars & shapes for bridges
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Classification According to Product Shape, Finish Processing and Quality Descriptors
• Product Shape– According to thickness and width
• “Bars” include– Round, square, hexagon and similar cross section 9.52
mm (⅜ in) and greater across– Small angels, channels, tees and other standard
shapes less than 76 mm (3 in) across– Concrete-reinforcing bars
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Product classification of flat-rolled carbon and low-alloy steels according to size, width and thickness
Thickness (in)
Specified Width (in)
To 3.5 More than 3.5 to 6
More than 6 to 8
More than 8 to 12
More than 12 to 28
More than 48
0.230 and above0.229 – 0.2040.203 – 0.1800.179 and below
Bara
Bara
StripStrip
Bara
Bara
StripStrip
Bara
StripStripStrip
Platea
StripStripStrip
Platea
SheetSheetSheet
Platea
Platea
Platea
Sheetb
a Subject to certain conditions, these dimensions are sold as carbon sheet or strip as well as bars or plate
b These products classifications for hot-rolled sheet are based on the median point of the minimum thickness ordered plus full published thickness tolerances
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Classification According to Product Shape, Finish Processing and Quality Descriptors
• Finish processing:– Signify the last processing the steel has undergone
– hot-rolled, cold-rolled, annealed, hot-dip galvanizing etc.
• Quality descriptors– Indicate product suitability for certain applications
or fabrication processes
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• Quality Descriptors Certain mechanical and physical attributes of products due to:– Degree of internal soundness– Relative uniformity of chemical compositions– Relative freedom from surface imperfections– Relative size of discard cropped from ingot– Extensive testing during manufacturing– Number, size, shape and distribution of nonmetallic
inclusions (ie. Cleanness or inclusion rating of steel)– Relative hardenability requirements
Classification According to Product Shape, Finish Processing and Quality Descriptors
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Procurement & Specifications
• Procurement– A materials procurer usually writes a summary of
the company’s need to the material supplier or vendor by writing a specification
• Specification– Written document of the technical and other
requirement that a product must meet
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Procurement & Specifications• Adequate specification contains:
– SCOPE• Classification (size, condition, processing)
– CHEMICAL COMPOSITION• Well-recognize designation or specification
– QUALITY• Quality descriptors
– QUANTITATIVE• Composition, physical/mechanical properties range
– OTHER REQUIREMENTS• Special tolerances, surface preparation, edge & finish on flat rolled
products etc.
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Procurement & Specification
• ASTM codes specifications
• AISI-SAE designation part of spec.
• Terms (interchangeably):– Grade
• Chemical composition– Type
• deoxidation practice (killed, semikilled or rimmed)– Class
• Other attributes (ie strength, surface finish)
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Carbon & Low-AlloyStructural Steel
• Low carbon low alloy steel & low plain carbon steel used for civil engineering structures
• Alloy addition in low carbon low alloy steel to increase corrosion resistance or strength
• In various form (eg. bars, plates, strips) construction industries
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Plain high carbon
High carbon low alloy Steel
Cutting Tool High strength low alloy (HSLA)
Low carbon low alloy steel
Plain low carbon
Medium carbon low alloy Steel
Plain medium carbon
Heat treatable
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Hanafi,JKM,PPD,2015 30
......FINISH ......THank you