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Week 1 Day 2
Impact of Paradigms on Research
DIE 4564 Research Methods
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“Pair of Dimes”? …Paradigms!
• Paradigms – a model or frame of reference through which to observe and understand.
• Paradigms are neither “true” nor “false”
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Science Paradigms
• Theories seek to provide logical explanations.
1. Theories prevent our being taken in by flukes.
2. Theories makes sense of observed patterns.
3. Theories shape and direct research efforts.
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Discussion points
• What paradigm shifts have you experienced during your BSDN coursework?
• In what way do you think paradigms influence scientific inquiry?
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Some Social Science Paradigms
• Macrotheory – a theory aimed at understanding the “big picture” of institutions, whole societies, and the interactions among societies. Examples: class struggles, international
relations, and interrelations between social institutions
And in dietetics?...
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Some Social Science Paradigms
• Microtheory – a theory aimed at understanding social life at the intimate level of individuals and their interactions.
Examples: dating behavior, jury deliberations, student-faculty interactions
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Some Social Science Paradigms
• Mesotheory – referencing an intermediate level between macro and micro.
Examples: studying organizations, communities, and social categories
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Paradigms Shifts in Dietetic Practice
• Dispensing of diets and information• Behavior modification• Client-centered counseling• Trans-theoretical Model of Change• Motivational Interviewing
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Health Belief Model
People’s beliefs influence their health-related behaviors• Perceived susceptibility• Perceived severity• Perceived benefits• Perceived barriers• Perceived self-efficacy
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Trans-theoretical Model / Stages of Change
People’s behaviors are determined by readiness to take action. • Precontemplation• Contemplation• Preparation• Action• Maintenance
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Theory of Planned Behavior
Behaviors are determined by their intensions to engage in that behavior.• Attitudes• Outcome expectation• Subjective norm• Perceived behavior control (internal and
external)
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Social Cognitive Theory (Social Learning Theory)
Reciprocal Determinism:
Behavior change is the result of a dynamic interaction of personal, behavioral, and environmental factors.
• Outcome expectations
• Self-regulation• Behavioral capacity• Expectations• Self-efficacy• Observational
Learning• Reinforcement• Facilitation
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DiscussionWhat current trends might create paradigm shifts in dietetics practice?
Paradigm
1.A typical example or pattern of something; a model.2.A worldview underlying the theories and methodology of a particular scientific subject.
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Example of both a lit review and a paradigm shift