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Weed Biological Control Weed Biological Control Principles and Procedures Principles and Procedures
J. P. CUDAJ. P. CUDA
ENTOMOLOGY & NEMATOLOGY DEPARTMENTENTOMOLOGY & NEMATOLOGY DEPARTMENTGAINESVILLE, FL 32611-0620GAINESVILLE, FL 32611-0620
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Instructor: Instructor: Dr. Jim CudaDr. Jim Cuda phone (352-392-1901 ext 126) phone (352-392-1901 ext 126) email ([email protected]) email ([email protected])
Research Area: Research Area: Biological Control Biological Control of Aquatic & Terrestrial Weedsof Aquatic & Terrestrial Weeds
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TopicsTopics• Weed Biological Control ConceptsWeed Biological Control Concepts• Steps in a Classical Biological Steps in a Classical Biological
Control ProgramControl Program
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What is a Weed ?What is a Weed ?• A plant out of place A plant out of place (HOLM ET AL. 1977)(HOLM ET AL. 1977)
• Introduced or native plant growing Introduced or native plant growing in a situation where it has a in a situation where it has a detrimental effect on conservation detrimental effect on conservation areas, humans, or their areas, humans, or their environment environment (HARLEY & FORNO 1992)(HARLEY & FORNO 1992)
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Strategies Used ForStrategies Used ForWeed ManagementWeed Management
Control MethodControl Method
• MechanicalMechanical
• ChemicalChemical
• BiologicalBiological
InfestationInfestation
• SmallSmall
• ModerateModerate
• WidespreadWidespread
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Criteria for Selecting a Weed as Criteria for Selecting a Weed as a Target for Biological Control a Target for Biological Control
• Cause sufficient damageCause sufficient damage– Agricultural Agricultural – EcologicalEcological
• No critical beneficial valuesNo critical beneficial values• Existence of natural enemiesExistence of natural enemies
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What is Biological What is Biological Control ?Control ?
• Use of live natural enemies to suppress Use of live natural enemies to suppress weed densities or populationsweed densities or populations
• Examples of natural enemies :Examples of natural enemies :– PathogensPathogens (nematodes & diseases)(nematodes & diseases)
– ArthropodsArthropods (insects & mites)(insects & mites)
– FishFish (grass carp)(grass carp)
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Biological Control vs. Biological Control vs. Natural RegulationNatural Regulation
• ““Biological Control”Biological Control” is an action is an action taken by peopletaken by people
• ““Natural Control or Regulation”Natural Control or Regulation” has no human involvementhas no human involvement
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Biological Control MethodsBiological Control Methods1.1. Non-Classical Biological ControlNon-Classical Biological Control
a.a. Augmentative ApproachAugmentative Approach
b.b. Inundative ApproachInundative Approach
2.2. Classical Biological ControlClassical Biological Control
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1. Non-Classical Biocontrol1. Non-Classical Biocontrola.a. Augmentative Augmentative
- Mass rearing and release of a- Mass rearing and release of a biological control agent to increase biological control agent to increase its numbers and effect on the weedits numbers and effect on the weed- Applies to fish (grass carp) and some - Applies to fish (grass carp) and some
insects (milfoil weevilinsects (milfoil weevil))
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1.1. Non-Classical BiocontrolNon-Classical Biocontrol
b.b. Inundative:Inundative: - - Formulation and application ofFormulation and application of pathogens to control weedspathogens to control weeds
- Applies to mycoherbicides- Applies to mycoherbicidesCercospora rodmaniCercospora rodmani – Water Hyacinth – Water Hyacinth
Mycoleptodiscus terrestrisMycoleptodiscus terrestris - Hydrilla- Hydrilla
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2. 2. Classical Biological ControlClassical Biological Control• Introduction of natural Introduction of natural
enemies from their native enemies from their native range to control an range to control an invasive exotic weedinvasive exotic weed
• Most widely used methodMost widely used method
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Ecological Basis for Classical BCEcological Basis for Classical BC
• Some natural enemies are host specificSome natural enemies are host specific (WAPSHERE ET AL. 1984)(WAPSHERE ET AL. 1984)
• In the absence of their own predators In the absence of their own predators and diseases, densities of natural and diseases, densities of natural enemies are influenced by their host enemies are influenced by their host plant abundanceplant abundance (DEBACH 1974, HUFFAKER 1984)(DEBACH 1974, HUFFAKER 1984)
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BIOLOGICAL CONTROLBIOLOGICAL CONTROL(= APPLIED ECOLOGY)(= APPLIED ECOLOGY)
2o
1o Consumer
Producer (WEED)
WEED1o Consumer(BIOAGENT)
WEED
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Objective of Biological Weed ControlObjective of Biological Weed Control
• Introduce or apply natural enemies Introduce or apply natural enemies that can suppress and maintain the that can suppress and maintain the density of the weed at density of the weed at “ACCEPTABLE” levels“ACCEPTABLE” levels
• Biological Control is Biological Control is NOTNOT eradication eradication
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Conceptual Basis for Conceptual Basis for Weed Biological ControlWeed Biological Control
• Weed establishes Weed establishes equilibrium density equilibrium density (ED)* above (ED)* above economic injury economic injury level (EIL)**level (EIL)**
• Natural enemy Natural enemy lowers ED & lowers ED & maintains it below maintains it below EILEIL
*ED - Long term mean density*ED - Long term mean density**EIL – Lowest density causing **EIL – Lowest density causing
economic or ecological economic or ecological damagedamage
TIME
NU
MB
ER EIL
ED
EDNatural Enemy
Weed
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Defining Biocontrol SucessDefining Biocontrol Sucess
• Complete-Complete- No other control methods No other control methods are needed are needed
• SubstantialSubstantial- Other methods needed - Other methods needed but at reduced level but at reduced level
• Negligible-Negligible- Other methods are Other methods are required required (HOFFMANN 1998)(HOFFMANN 1998)
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Advantages of Biological Advantages of Biological ControlControl
• Minimal impact on non-targetsMinimal impact on non-targets• Environmentally friendlyEnvironmentally friendly• Classical biocontrol is permanentClassical biocontrol is permanent• Suitable for weeds of natural areasSuitable for weeds of natural areas• Relatively inexpensiveRelatively inexpensive
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Costs / Benefits of Classical Costs / Benefits of Classical Weed Biocontrol ProgramsWeed Biocontrol Programs
(after Mentz 1987)
Release of Bioagent
Time
Benefits (+$)
Costs (-$)
Research & Development
Maintenance & Monitoring
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Disadvantages of Biological ControlDisadvantages of Biological Control• Control is not immediate (5–10 years)Control is not immediate (5–10 years)• Except for mycoherbicides, little Except for mycoherbicides, little
interest in commercializationinterest in commercialization• UnpredictableUnpredictable
– Some natural enemies fail to establishSome natural enemies fail to establish– Some natural enemies are ineffectiveSome natural enemies are ineffective
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Summary of Steps in a Classical Summary of Steps in a Classical Biological Control ProgramBiological Control Program
USDA-ARS
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Procedure for Classical Procedure for Classical Weed Biological controlWeed Biological control
1.1. Project InitiationProject Initiation2.2. Seek Approval and Funding Seek Approval and Funding 3.3. Foreign ExplorationForeign Exploration4.4. Domestic Surveys Domestic Surveys 5.5. Ecological Studies on Weeds & AgentsEcological Studies on Weeds & Agents
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Procedure for Classical Procedure for Classical Weed Biocontrol Weed Biocontrol (CONT’D)(CONT’D)
6. 6. Host Specificity StudiesHost Specificity Studies 7. Seek Approval for Release of 7. Seek Approval for Release of
Agents Agents 8. Rearing and Release8. Rearing and Release 9. Evaluation of Effects9. Evaluation of Effects10. Distribution (& Augmentation)10. Distribution (& Augmentation)
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Project InitiationProject Initiation• Determine Plant is Suitable TargetDetermine Plant is Suitable Target
– Conduct Literature Review on Weed Conduct Literature Review on Weed and its Natural Enemiesand its Natural Enemies• Taxonomy, Biology, Ecology, Distribution Taxonomy, Biology, Ecology, Distribution
– Demonstrate Economic / Scientific Demonstrate Economic / Scientific Feasibility and Resolve ConflictsFeasibility and Resolve Conflicts
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Seek Approval and FundingSeek Approval and Funding
• Seek Political Support from Seek Political Support from StakeholdersStakeholders– Cattlemen’s AssociationsCattlemen’s Associations– Water Management DistrictsWater Management Districts
• Obtain Financial Support from Public Obtain Financial Support from Public and Private Sectorsand Private Sectors
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Foreign ExplorationForeign Exploration
• Identify Native Range of Target Identify Native Range of Target WeedWeed
• Search for Natural Enemies in Search for Natural Enemies in Native RangeNative Range
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Domestic SurveysDomestic Surveys
• Conduct Faunal Surveys of Weed Conduct Faunal Surveys of Weed in Introduced Rangein Introduced Range
• Compile List of Arthropods and Compile List of Arthropods and Pathogens Attacking Weed In Pathogens Attacking Weed In Area of IntroductionArea of Introduction
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Ecological Studies on Weed Ecological Studies on Weed and Agentsand Agents
• Study Ecology of Weed and Its Study Ecology of Weed and Its Relatives in Native RangeRelatives in Native Range
• Identify Natural Enemies and Identify Natural Enemies and Study Their Biologies and Host Study Their Biologies and Host RangesRanges
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Host Specificity StudiesHost Specificity Studies• Conduct Host Range Tests of Conduct Host Range Tests of
Promising Natural Enemies in Promising Natural Enemies in Country of Origin Country of Origin
– Open Field Tests PreferableOpen Field Tests Preferable• Study Host Specificity of Potential Study Host Specificity of Potential
Control Agents in Quarantine in Control Agents in Quarantine in Country of Introduction Country of Introduction
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Economic, Nativeand Endangered spp.
Economic, Nativeand Endangered spp.
TargetWeedTargetWeed
Other Plant Species; same subgenusOther Plant Species; same subgenus
Other Subgenera; same genusOther Subgenera; same genus
Other Genera; same tribeOther Genera; same tribe
Plant Families of Economic/Aesthetic ValuePlant Families of Economic/Aesthetic Value
Plants Attacked by Relatives of BioagentsPlants Attacked by Relatives of Bioagents
Redrawn from Rees et al. (1995)
Centrifugal Phylogenetic MethodCentrifugal Phylogenetic Method (Wapshere 1974)(Wapshere 1974)
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Screening Procedures Screening Procedures (Wapshere 1989)(Wapshere 1989)
Larval Feeding Test
Adult Oviposition Test #1
Adult Oviposition Test #2
NOT INHOST RANGE
NOT INHOST RANGE
NOT INHOST RANGE
+ -
+ -
+ -
TEST 1
TEST 2
TEST 3
IN HOST RANGE
No-Choice: Close Confinement
No-Choice: Close Confinement
Multiple Choice: Loose Confinement
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Screening Procedures (cont’d)Screening Procedures (cont’d)
• No Choice TestsNo Choice Tests– Potted plantsPotted plants
– Cut foliageCut foliage
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Screening Procedures Screening Procedures (cont’d)(cont’d)
Stem Cage Stem Cage
Paired TestPaired Test
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Multiple Choice TestsMultiple Choice Tests
Small CagesSmall Cages
Large CagesLarge Cages
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Seek Approval for ReleaseSeek Approval for Release• Prepare and Submit Report to Prepare and Submit Report to
Appropriate Regulatory Authorities Appropriate Regulatory Authorities Requesting Release of BioagentRequesting Release of Bioagent
• Options:Options:– Release ApprovedRelease Approved– Additional Host Specificity StudiesAdditional Host Specificity Studies– Request for Release DeniedRequest for Release Denied
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Rearing and ReleaseRearing and Release
• If Release of Bioagent is If Release of Bioagent is Approved by Regulatory Approved by Regulatory Agencies:Agencies:
– Import Bioagent and Eliminate Import Bioagent and Eliminate Parasitoids and PathogensParasitoids and Pathogens
– Mass Rear and Release BioagentMass Rear and Release Bioagent
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Evaluation of EffectsEvaluation of Effects
• Confirm Establishment of BioagentConfirm Establishment of Bioagent• Conduct Manipulative / Replicated Conduct Manipulative / Replicated
Field Experiments to Measure Field Experiments to Measure Population Level Effect of Bioagent Population Level Effect of Bioagent on Target and Non-Target on Target and Non-Target SpeciesSpecies
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Distribution of BioagentDistribution of Bioagent
• Redistribute Bioagent from Site of Redistribute Bioagent from Site of Establishment or Field InsectariesEstablishment or Field Insectaries
• Collaborate with Public Agencies and Collaborate with Public Agencies and Volunteer Groups to Spread Volunteer Groups to Spread Bioagent throughout infested areaBioagent throughout infested area
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For Additional Information on For Additional Information on Biologically Based Weed Biologically Based Weed
Management, Go To:Management, Go To:
http://biocontrol.ifas.ufl.eduhttp://biocontrol.ifas.ufl.edu