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website: www.VagabondGeology.com
Week 1: beginning in East Africa
Ancient Pathways Ancient Peoples
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website: www.VagabondGeology.com
Week 3: into EuropeWeek 4: into Asia
Week 2: into AfricaWeek 1: beginning in East Africa
Week 6: into Americas Week 5: across Beringia
SESSION 3SESSION 3
Into Europe
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TODAY’S TOPICSTODAY’S TOPICS
Quick Quick ReviewReview
Danube Danube CorridorCorridor
Out of Out of AfricaAfrica
Lascaux Lascaux Paleolithic Paleolithic Cave ArtCave Art
Session 3: Into Europe
3
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French
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THE STONE AGETHE STONE AGEA
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THE STONE AGETHE STONE AGEA
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THE STONE AGETHE STONE AGEA
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THE STONE AGETHE STONE AGEA
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THE STONE AGETHE STONE AGEA
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THE STONE AGETHE STONE AGEA
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homo
The Stone Age: 2.5 million to 4000 YBP (years before present)
TODAY
millions of years ago
1 m
2 m
3 m
4 m
5 m
6 m
Homo sapiens
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Homo Genus AFRICA ASIAEUROPE
sapien
‘Peking man’ (erectus)
750,000
Homo (gautengensis)?
1,900,000
‘Handy-man’ (habilis)
1,600,000
‘Java man’ (erectus)
1,600,000
‘Heidelberg man’ (heidelberg)
700,000
‘‘Cro-magnon man’ (sapien)
Cro-magnon man’ (sapien)
28,000
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EVOLUTION OF HOMO SAPIEN
14 Species
of Homo genus!
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TODAY’S TOPICSTODAY’S TOPICS
Quick Quick ReviewReview
Danube Danube CorridorCorridor
Out of Out of AfricaAfrica
Lascaux Lascaux Paleolithic Paleolithic Cave ArtCave Art
Session 3: Into Europe
16
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HOW DID GEOLOGYGEOLOGY
HELP HOMO SAPIENS LEAVE AFRICA?
THE STORY STARTS WITH …
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77F
50F
63F
500 400 300 200 100 50MYA
3
CYLES OF WARMING/COOLING
• Geologic Record shows that Earth has gone thru multiple cycles of Cooling/Warming
• Cycles typically last tens of millions of years!
• Last MINIMUM earth temperature was about 2 mya
• Earth has been warming ever since
Historical AVERAGE temp of Earth
Historical MAXIMUM temp of Earth
Historical MINIMUM temp of Earth
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GLACIATION IN LAST 800,000 YRS• After the Last Global
Cooling Period had reached it’s maximum, temperatures started rising
• Even with generally rising temps, there were periods of cooling; 4 Glaciation Periods in the last 800,000 years
• Let’s focus on the last one: Wisconsin
Years BP
CO2, ppm
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MIGRATION TO EUROPE• Homo Sapiens is thought to
have started leaving Africa around 70,000 yrs ago
• Glaciers were nearing their maximum for this period
• When amount of glacial ice is up, (MAXIMUM)
Sea levels are down, (MINIMUM)
• Therefore Continental Margins will be wider, ocean/sea crossings smaller
Amount Glaciers
is up!
Sea-levels are down!
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OUT OF AFRICA
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OUT OF AFRICA!
Staring…Staring…Homo Sapiens as Sandi and Homo Sapiens as Sandi and
Homo Neanderthalensis as Rocky Homo Neanderthalensis as Rocky
70,000 th ANNIVERSARY EDITION70,000 th ANNIVERSARY EDITION
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START OF MIGRATIONAfrica
70,000 years ago•Sahara & Saudi aren’t deserts yet; they’re still forest/ steppe covered•Red Sea is very low; possibly only two main lobes existed
RED SEA
RED SEA
Normally,15 miles
Now, only3 miles
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MIGRATION TO EUROPE
Africa 70,000 years ago
•Sahara & Saudi aren’t deserts yet; they’re still forested•Red Sea is very low; possibly only two main lobes of sea exists•Depart Rift Valley
Rift Rift ValleyValley
Two migration theories of Homo
Sapien out of Africa:
1.Migration north into Israel/ Palestine
2.Migration across Bab al Mandab Strait to Yemen and points beyond
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OUT OF AFRICA!
Rift Valley
ISRAELISRAEL110,000 BP110,000 BP
DepartDepart125,000 BP125,000 BP
1st Departure
UAEUAE106,000 BP106,000 BP
BUT…
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MT. TOBA, INDONESIA, ERUPTION• 75,000 yrs BP, Mt. Toba Volcano exploded;
largest explosion on earth in 25 million years• Blew 2,800 times as much as ASH into the
atmosphere as Mt. St. Helens (2.8 times the last explosion of Yellowstone Supervolcano)
• Ash suppressed temperature of Earth by 7 degF (up to 27degF at northern latitudes!)
• One theory states that 90% of Homo Sapiens that existed at the time died, leaving only 10,000 or so to re-populate the Earth!
This is known as the“Toba Catastrophe Event”
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Rift Valley
OUT OF AFRICA…AGAIN!
UAEUAE62,000 BP62,000 BP
ISRAELISRAEL60,000 BP60,000 BP
LevantinLevantine e
CorridorCorridor
Danube Danube CorridorCorridor
DepartDepart70,000 BP70,000 BP
RomaniaRomania36,000 BP36,000 BP
2nd Departure
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TODAY’S TOPICSTODAY’S TOPICS
Quick Quick ReviewReview
Danube Danube CorridorCorridor
Out of Out of AfricaAfrica
Lascaux Lascaux Paleolithic Paleolithic Cave ArtCave Art
Session 3: Into Europe
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WHY WAS DANUBE CORRIDOR IMPORTANT?
• Animals graze in valleys
• Source of water always near-by
• Major East-West corridor
Add mountain ranges…• “Path of least resistance”- avoid hilly/mountainous routes
But, there was an additional
reason…
GEOLOGY PROVIDED SHELTER!
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England
France
Germany
EUROPE IN THE JURASSIC• Shallow seas covered
most of Europe during this Period
• Shallow seas will often form limestone reefs
• Limestone is carved out by weathering & erosion = CAVES
• Weathered sections become natural shelters!
GEOLOGY PROVIDED SHELTER
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WHY WAS DANUBE CORRIDOR IMPORTANT?
• Animals graze in valleys
• Source of water always near-by
• Major East-West corridor
Add mountain ranges…• “Path of least resistance”- avoid hilly/mountainous routes
• Natural Shelter
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Rift Valley
OUT OF AFRICA…AGAIN!
UAEUAE,000 BP,000 BP
ISRAELISRAEL,000 BP,000 BP
LevantinLevantine e
CorridorCorridor
Danube Danube CorridorCorridor
DepartDepart70,000 BP70,000 BP
DordogneDordogneRegionRegion
FranceFrance30,000 BP30,000 BP RomaniaRomania
36,000 BP36,000 BP
2nd Departure
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IINTO FRANCE!• The Danube starts
SE of Strasbourg
• HSapien could have continued along the path shown
• On arriving in the Rhone River valley near Lyon, some went south
• Others continued until reaching the Dordogne River
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Paris
Bordeaux
Marseille
DORDOGNEREGION
DORDOGNE REGION
• Region of Aquitaine
• Named after the Dordogne river that runs through it
• Within the region are several river valleys that have carved the ancient limestone
• One in particular, the VÉZÈRE RIVER, is the site VÉZÈRE RIVER, is the site of many Paleolithic rock of many Paleolithic rock sheltersshelters
Dordogne RiverDordogne River
VÉZÈR
E RIV
ER
VÉZÈR
E RIV
ER
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VÉZÈRE RIVER VALLEY
VÉZÈRE RIVER
Most significant discovery is…
LASCAUXLASCAUX
• greatest density of prehistoric remains in Western Europe
• no fewer than: 25 decorated caves, 148 animal remains, 844 utensils/works of art
• 147 Paleolithic habitation sites
• Several Paleolithic skeletal remains
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TODAY’S TOPICSTODAY’S TOPICS
Quick Quick ReviewReview
Danube Danube CorridorCorridor
Out of Out of AfricaAfrica
Lascaux Lascaux Paleolithic Paleolithic Cave ArtCave Art
Session 3: Into Europe
38
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LA GROTTE DE LASCAUX
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LA GROTTE DE LASCAUX
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LA GROTTE DE LASCAUX
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LA GROTTE DE LASCAUX
Hall of Bulls
(63ft long)
Axial Gallery(72FT LONG)
(-43ft)
Passage(56 ft long)
Nave(59 ft long)
Apse
Shaft & Great Fissure
(98 ft long)(-63ft)
Chamber of Felines(So Shaft -66ft)
Entry & Airlocks
Silted Up Chamber
900 FT OF PASSAGES!
344 ft above
valley floor
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LA GROTTE DE LASCAUXCross-section of Lascaux Cave
Sinkhole forms at entry, flowing water creates CAVE
Surface weathering & erosion creates sediments that start
to restrict entry
Controlled water runoff at entry significantly reduce
entry erosion
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THE ART
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THE ART OF LA GROTTE DE LASCAUX
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THE ART OF LA GROTTE DE LASCAUX
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THE ART OF LA GROTTE DE LASCAUX
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THE ART OF LA GROTTE DE LASCAUX
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THE ART OF LA GROTTE DE LASCAUX
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THE ART OF LA GROTTE DE LASCAUX
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THE ART OF LA GROTTE DE LASCAUX
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THE ART OF LA GROTTE DE LASCAUX
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THE ART OF LA GROTTE DE LASCAUX
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THE ART OF LA GROTTE DE LASCAUX
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THE ART OF LA GROTTE DE LASCAUX
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THE ART OF LA GROTTE DE LASCAUX
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THE ART OF LA GROTTE DE LASCAUX
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THE ART OF LA GROTTE DE LASCAUX
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THE ART OF LA GROTTE DE LASCAUX
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THE ART OF LA GROTTE DE LASCAUX
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THE ART OF LA GROTTE DE LASCAUXThis is a Cro-Magnon Oil Lamp (Magdalian Culture)
It burned 2oz of deer fat; this one had deer fat still
in it when found!
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LA GROTTE DE LASCAUX 1,963 registered Paleolithic paintings 60% of all pictures involve horses
Only 1 bird, 1 bear, 1 rhino, and 1 human are depicted
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CRO-MAGNON
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CRO-MAGNON• Cro-Magnon is an informal name for the
first early modern humans
• They were robustly built, and powerful, body was generally heavy and solid with a strong build
• They differed from modern day humans in having a more robust physique and a slightly larger cranial capacity
• Cro-Magnon could probably speak
• Cro-Magnons could have been medium brown to tan-skinned as light skin evolved independently in both the Asian and European lines, didn’t appear in the European line until about 6000 years ago
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CRO-MAGNON• It is unknown why they painted the
caves in and around Lascaux
• Three predominate theories emerge:
• Paintings might have been done to promote good luck in hunting by the individual hunters
• Paintings might have been done by a Shaman as religious preparation for a big hunt asking for protection from harm (average life span of Cro-Magnon is thought to be about 36)
• Paintings might have been a result of eating hallucinogenic mushrooms or other substances
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THE ART OF LA GROTTE DE LASCAUX
TAKE A VIRTUAL TOUR OF LA GROTTE DE
LASCAUX…CLICK HERE
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REMEMBER…REMEMBER…
GEOLOGY ROCKSGEOLOGY ROCKS
77
Ancient Pathways, Ancient PeopleAncient Pathways, Ancient People- Into Europe-- Into Europe-
THANK YOU!
THANK YOU!
THANK YOU!
THANK YOU!
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ANY QUESTIONS??78
All class material either is All class material either is or or
will be on will be on 1) the University’s website1) the University’s website
and onand on
2) Our website at:2) Our website at:
www.vagabondgeology.comwww.vagabondgeology.com
Ancient Pathways, Ancient PeopleAncient Pathways, Ancient People- Into Europe-- Into Europe-
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http://www.lascaux.culture.fr/#/en/00.xml/index3.html http://www.american-buddha.com/lascaux.1.htmssignment.htmlhttp://whc.unesco.org/en/list/85 http://www.donsmaps.com/lascaux.htmlhttp://essayweb.net/history/ancient/prehistory.shtmlhttp://www.dalamatiacity.com/seaLevels.jpg http://www.giwersworld.org/science/MIGRATION/hss-migration.phtml http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/lasc/hd_lasc.htm#/01/World-Map http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danubian_corridor http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-evolution-timeline-interactivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_ocean http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_asia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelagic http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near_east http://www.indiana.edu/~arch/saa/matrix/ia/ia03_mod_10.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eustatic_sea_level_rise http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/ocean/ http://www.webfamilytree.com/50,000_year_human_history.htm http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0603/feature2/images/mp_download.2.pdf http://archaeology.about.com/od/temporalstudies/u/human_history.htm http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025322799000110 http://geography.huji.ac.il/personal/Frumkin/pdf/EPSL%20Vaks%20n.Negev2006.pdf
http://www.academia.edu/208695/The_Upper_Palaeolithic_of_South_Arabia http://www.mitchellteachers.net/WorldHistory/MrMEarlyHumansProject/MrMAnalyzingPaleolithicArtA http://insights.wri.org/news/2012/06/400-ppm-carbon-dioxide-levels-cross-sobering-new-threshold http://www.mendeley.com/research/late-quaternary-stratigraphy-paleoclimate-neotectonism-persian-arabian-gulf-region/ http://johnhawks.net/taxonomy/term/369 http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2010/12/egypt-lake/ http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/2691/ http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S003101820700168X http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_human_evolution_fossils http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_evolution_of_life http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-evolution-timeline-interactive http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caldera http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Toba http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocene http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologic_temperature_record http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleoclimate http://www.france.fr/en/regions-and-cities/aquitaine-cradle-humanity http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lascaux http://www.geoportail.gouv.fr/accueil http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dordogne_River http://www.dailymotion.com/video/xb1ek1_la-grotte-de-lascaux_school
ANCIENT PATHWAYS, ANCIENT PEOPLESANCIENT PATHWAYS, ANCIENT PEOPLES- References-- References-
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Travel is fatal to prejudice, bigotry, Travel is fatal to prejudice, bigotry, and narrow-mindedness… and narrow-mindedness…
Broad, wholesome, charitable views of Broad, wholesome, charitable views of men and things cannot be acquired by men and things cannot be acquired by
vegetating in one little corner of the vegetating in one little corner of the earth all one's lifetime. earth all one's lifetime.
~Mark Twain~Mark Twain
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““Twenty years from now Twenty years from now you will be more disappointed by the you will be more disappointed by the things you didn’t do than by the ones things you didn’t do than by the ones you did do. So throw off the bowlines, you did do. So throw off the bowlines, sail away from the safe harbor. Catch sail away from the safe harbor. Catch
the trade winds in your sails. the trade winds in your sails. Explore. Dream. Discover.” Explore. Dream. Discover.”
– – Mark TwainMark Twain
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EUROPEAN CAVE ART
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LA GROTTE DE LASCAUX
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HOW GEOLOGYGEOLOGY FACILITATED EVOLUTION• Provided OUTER CONTINENTAL
SHELVES for access in low water
• Created RIVER VALLEYS allowing E-W migration into Europe
• Provided eroded LIMESTONE CAVES for shelter
• Provided ROCKS/FLINT for tools
• Provided SANDSTONE for light holders
• Provided MgO2 for art work