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Water Research Foundation –Water Reuse Program
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69th Annual KU Environmental Engineering Conference
Julie Minton
April 17, 2019
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Agenda
➢About Water Research Foundation➢ Reuse – drivers and examples of successful potable reuse
➢WRF Non-potable Reuse Program
➢WRF Potable Reuse Program and CA State Water Board Grant
➢ Public Engagement
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Bottom Line: Major Paradigm Shift
• Manage resources to generate value for the utility and its customers
• Improve environmental quality, at least cost to the community
• Use a holistic “one water” approach to water management
FUTURE
• Collect wastewater, move it quickly downstream, treat it to acceptable standards, and dispose of waste without harming the environment
PAST
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The (New and Improved!) Water Research Foundation
Merged July 2016
Officially integrated January 2018
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What does
WRF do?
Deliver Balanced Research
Foster Innovation
Disseminate Results
Create Collaborations
Manage peer-reviewed research to deliver timely, actionable results
Convene experts and support research to accelerate the adoption of new water technologies
Publish reports annually that are housed in online, searchable databases
Serve as a research hub for the water quality community (utilities, policy makers, consultants, universities, and industry)
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Applied ResearchLeaders
Innovation Forum for Technology
Advancement in practices and Adoption of
water technologies
Research & Development Programs
Technology Survey
Technology Scans
LIFT Link
FAST Water Network
SEE IT
Utility Peer Network
Utility Management
Infrastructure
Treatment
Source and Receiving Water
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WRF Research Areas
Integrated Water Management, inc
Stormwater
Intelligent Water Systems
CECs/Trace Organics Energy Production and
Efficiency
Reuse & Desalination
• Potable
• Non-Potable
• Desalination
LINK (Receiving Water Linkages in Water
Quality) PFAS in Water
Waterborne Pathogens in Distribution and Premise Plumbing
Systems
Cyanobacterial Blooms and Cyanotoxins
Non-Regulated Disinfection Byproducts
Source Separated Organic Feedstock
Lead and Copper Management
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2019 Research Priority Program – pending RFPs
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Agenda
➢ About Water Research Foundation
➢Reuse – drivers and examples of successful potable reuse
➢WRF Non-potable Reuse Program
➢WRF Potable Reuse Program and CA State Water Board Grant
➢ Public Engagement
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Water reuse: National drivers Reduces water supply demand and increases resiliency
• Elimination of ocean outfalls
• More cost-effective when nutrient removal is considered
Alternative to disposal
New, locally sustainable water supplies
Minimize energy costs: e.g. pumping and desalinization
Critical element in state water supply plans
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Water reuse: Regional drivers
• By 2018, 300 mgd must have AWT
• By 2025, 60% of flows must be reused
Florida is reducing ocean outfalls
• By 2020, increase 0.65 to 1.5 MAF/yr
• By 2030, increase to 2.5 MAF/yr
California goals for recycled water to provide reliable local supply
Oklahoma has a goal of consuming no more fresh water in 2060 than in 2010
Texas water supply plan indicates 14% of water supply in 2070 will be “direct” reuse
Strict discharge requirements for Mid Atlantic region
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EPA has issued Guidelines (not regulations)
• There are no federal reuse regulations• EPA has relied on framework of the CWA and SDWA
and reuse guidelines• Reuse is implemented state-by-state; rules are set to
be protective of end use
EPA Water Reuse Action Plan under development (Draft to be released at WRA
Symposium Sept 2019)
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The Growth of Water Reuse in the United States
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1997 2007 2017 2027
Bill
ion
Gal
lon
s Pe
r D
ay
Year
37% Increase or 1.8 billion gallons per dayor 2 million acre-feet per year
Source: USGS, EPA, Bluefield Research
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Level of Treatment is dependent on End Use
Adapted from EPA Guidelines, 2012
Landscape irrigation
Industrial Reuse
Potable Reuse
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De Facto Water Reuse in the US
Assessment of De Facto Wastewater Reuse across the U.S.: Trends between 1980 and 2008
Jacelyn Rice†*, Amber Wutich‡, and Paul Westerhoff†
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Clean Water Services/Oregon and LOTT Clean Water Alliance/WA
▪ Municipal parks, schools and athletic fields - Community amenities
▪ Golf courses
▪ Wetland recharge and restoration
Non-potable Reuse in the Pacific NW
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Eastern Municipal Water District
• EMWD has four facilities that create a total of 45MGD of tertiary treated recycled water
• Additional water quality treatment is conducted through created wetland habitat
• The largest use of this water is agricultural irrigation, including fruits, vegetables and fodder for cattle and dairy.
• Other uses include non-crop irrigation and industrial.
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Monterey County Water Recycling ProjectMonterey, CA
• 20 MGD
• Irrigation for 222 Farm Parcels
• 46 miles of transmission/ distribution pipelines
• 11-year Wastewater Reclamation Study - assess safety/feasibility of recycled water to irrigate raw vegetable crops
• 5-year demonstration project
• Never experienced human health incidence
• Crops include lettuce, celery, broccoli, cauliflower, artichokes, and strawberries
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• 8 million gallons per day of purified water
• Uses Microfiltration, Reverse Osmosis & Ultraviolet Light Disinfection
• Water is currently used for manufacturing and irrigation
• The agency is planning a Potable Reuse Facility.
Santa Clara Valley Water District Constructed a New Recycled Water Purification Facility
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West Basin’s Five Designer Waters
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Potable Reuse
Drivers
• Drought
• Increased Demand
• Lack of/contaminated local supply
Potable Reuse is
• Safe
• Reliable
• Locally-Controlled
• Environmentally-Friendly/Protective
Tools to deliver
• Research
• Technology
• Sound Science
• Innovation
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The Potable Reuse Continuum
Groundwater recharge
Surface Water Augmentation
Raw Water Augmentation
Drinking Water Augmentation
Ind
irect P
otab
le R
eu
seD
irect P
otab
le
Reu
se
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U.S. EPA Potable Reuse Compendium (2017)
• EPA supports water reuse as part of an integrated water resources management approach developed at the state and local level to meet the water needs of multiple sectors including agriculture, industry, drinking water, and ecosystem protection.
• EPA acknowledges the importance of potable water reuse and looks forward to working with our stakeholders as the practice continues to be developed and deployed as an important approach to ensure a clean, safe, and sustainable water supply for the nation.
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Planned potable water reuse
2017 EPA Potable Reuse Compendium
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Direct Potable Reuse Progress in the US
Texas• TWDB - Direct Potable Reuse Resource Document (2015)• Big Springs DPR and Wichita Falls DPR (Emergency Supply)• El Paso DPR (in design)
Florida• WateReuse FL
• Potable Reuse Commission• Create a Framework for DPR
• Clearwater IPR Project• Hillsborough DPR Pilot• Altamonte Springs DPR Pilot• Daytona Beach DPR Pilot • JEA DPR Pilots
Arizona• Guidance Framework for Direct Potable Reuse in Arizona
Colorado• WateReuse CO – DPR stakeholder process (technical and outreach)• Guidance developed• Next: Develop regulatory approach (use of expert panel)
California• State Water Board (SWB) process• DPR Expert Panel Final Report (12/2016)• SWB Proposed DPR Framework (4/2018)• 6 DPR research projects
• Long history with IPR• Legislation: DPR regulations by 2023
New Mexico• State sponsored DPR Expert Panel • State developed guidelines• Village of Cloudcroft (still not completed)
Arizona• WateReuse AZ and AZ Water DPR Initiative• DPR Guidance Framework process (2018)• Next: State to develop regulation
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Orange County Water District
Typical injection well - OCWD
• Manage local groundwater basin
• Groundwater = 70% local supply for 2.4 million residents
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Gwinnett County Department of Water Resources (GA)
• Indirect Potable Reuse system
• Ozone-BAC based treatment at the F. Wayne Hill Water Resources Center
• Surface water discharge into Lake Lanier
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• Blends advanced treated reuse with lakes to produce a high-quality drinking water.
• 16 MGD with microfiltration, reverse osmosis, and ultraviolet disinfection.
• Blends advanced treated water with21 MGD with traditional sources.
Big Spring Water Supply Augmentation
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El Paso Texas: First Permitted Direct to Distribution Direct Potable Reuse System in the United States
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Pilot
Ozone
(Xylem)Biofiltration
(Xylem)
GAC Filtration
(Calgon)UV AOP
(Trojan)
Secondary
Filtered
Effluent
Ultrafiltration
(Toray/BiWater)
First Use of Non-RO Treatment for DPR (at a demonstration facility!) in Altamonte Springs Florida
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Hampton Roads Sanitation District (VA)
Over-allocated permitted withdrawal
• Water levels falling several feet/yr
177 permits = 147 MGD• Currently withdrawing
approximately 115 mgd
200,000 unpermitted “domestic” wells
• Estimated to be withdrawing approx. 40 mgd growing at 1 mgd per year
Resulting in land subsidence when combined with climate change impacts
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Agenda
➢ About Water Research Foundation
➢ Reuse – drivers and examples of successful potable reuse
➢WRF Non-potable Reuse Program ➢WRF Potable Reuse Program and CA State Water Board Grant
➢ Public Engagement
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WRF Reuse Program Covers the Full Spectrum of Reuse
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© 2018 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Nonpotable Reuse Research
Agriculture Green Infrastructure
Food & Beverage
Power Manufacturing Oil & Chemical Refining
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© 2018 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Industrial Reuse
• Focus on overcoming institutional barriers
• Sectors may have unique challenges and drivers
• Need for better understanding on the true cost of water
• Key Project: Reuse-15-03 Scorecard for Evaluating Opportunities in Industrial Reuse
– Developed an ROI calculator for industrial water uses
– Includes the “shadow cost” of water
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© 2018 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
• Water use for agriculture accounts for >70% of total usage in the U.S.
• Municipal effluent and other nontraditional water sources for irrigation of crops can reduce the strain on potable supplies
• Agricultural reuse for food crops is gaining momentum
– Currently practiced in California, Florida and other states
Water Reuse for AgricultureInvestigate emerging applications in water reuse with a focus
on supporting the advancement and acceptance of potable
reuse, agricultural reuse, industrial reuse, and desalination as
alternative water supply options.
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© 2018 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
The WRF Agricultural Water Reuse Research Portfolio
Economics and Policy
Sustainable Practices
Management Approaches
4962
Reuse-16-06
Reuse-16-07Reuse-15-08
Reuse-16-03
STAR_N3R14
SIWM12C15
NTRY1R12
WRRF-09-07
WRRF-08-02
WRRF-07-06
Agricultural BMP Database
4964
49634956
Committee Members
• Allegra da Silva – Brown & Caldwell
• Claire Waggoner – CA SWRCB
• Channah Rock – University of Arizona
• Chris Impelliterri – US EPA
• LaKisha Odom – FFAR
• Yaling Qian – Colorado State University
• Clinton Williams – USDA ARS
• Kurt Schwabe – UC Riverside
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© 2018 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
State of Irrigated Agricultural Water
Reuse –Impediments and Incentives (Reuse-15-08) developed and prioritized by the WRRF RAC
Three additional ag reuse projects
initiated by WE&RF
California State Water Resources Control
Board awards a $4.5M grant to WRF for Reuse Research
Four agricultural water reuse
research projects initiated in 2018
Agricultural Reuse Research Program: Gaining Momentum
2015 2016 2018
WRF Agricultural
Reuse Workshop
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Agenda
➢ About Water Research Foundation
➢ Reuse – drivers and examples of successful potable reuse
➢WRF Non-potable Reuse Program
➢WRF Potable Reuse Program and CA State Water Board Grant
➢ Public Engagement
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© 2018 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
A Brief History of WRF Potable Reuse Research
WateReuse Research Foundation: DPR Research Initiative (2012-2016)
• In response to CA legislation to determine “Feasibility of developing criteria for DPR”
• $6 million raised – Leveraged to $24 million
• 34 projects funded that informed DPR Expert Panel
Outcomes
• DPR Expert Panel report
• SWB Report to legislature →Yes, it is feasible to develop regulations for DPR
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Potable Reuse Research Compilation:
Synthesis of Findings (Reuse 15-01)
• Summarized and synthesized key results of 34 research projectsfrom the DPR Initiative
• Published in December 2016
• Principal Investigators:
• NWRI and George Tchobanoglous
• 1-3 authors for each chapter Available at: www.werf.org/reuseresearch
Framework for Direct Potable Reuse• Overview of the key elements that make up a DPR program, from source
control to blending product water. • Valuable resource for municipalities, utilities, and agencies seeking to
implement DPR programs.• Panel Chair: George Tchobanoglous• Published in 2015
Framework and Synthesis Reports
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• State Water Board Grant under Prop 1
• The $4.5M grant will be split in two agreements:
Recycled Water Grants from SWB
Grant 1: $1M
• 5 projects recommended by the SWB DPR Expert Panel for developing DPR regulations in California
• Agreement executed February 28, 2018
Grant 2: $3.5M
• For research recommended by the WRF’s Water Reuse Issue Area Team (IAT) and SWB.
• $2M of this will be designated for potable reuse
• $1.5M will be for non-potable reuse
• Agreement executed March 30, 2018
California Legislation – SB 574 (2017): Established deadline for DPR legislation of 2023
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© 2018 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
SWB Grant 1: 5 DPR Research Projects
51
1. Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment
2. Measure Pathogens in Wastewater
3. Collecting Pathogens in Wastewater During Outbreaks
4. Treatment Process for Averaging Potential Chemical Peaks
5. Low Molecular Weight Unknown Compounds
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SWB Grant 2: Utilizing WRF Research and RFP Process
February
• Concepts scoped at IAT meeting
March
• Project descriptions finalized by IAT
April/May
• Projects prioritized by IAT and stakeholders
June
• Prioritization and approval by SWB
October – December
• RFPs released
End 2018 – Early 2019
• Teams selected, contracts executed
Phase 2
2018
Phase 3
2019
Phase 1
2017
4832 - Evaluation of CEC Removal by Ozone/BAF Treatment in Potable Reuse Applications
4833 - Understanding Wastewater Treatment Performance on Advanced Water Treatment
Processes and Finished Water Quality
Same process as 2018; approx. $1M + fundraised $ to go out via RFP
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Agenda
➢ About Water Research Foundation
➢ Reuse – drivers and examples of successful potable reuse
➢WRF Non-potable Reuse Program
➢WRF Potable Reuse Program and CA State Water Board Grant
➢Public Engagement
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Psychology of Water ReuseHuman Reactions to Water Reuse (WateReuse Foundation 2004)
• Workshop with psychologists
• “Law of Contagion” – Once in contact always in contact
• Not fully subject to logic and science
• Address through “framing”
• Process to categorize and ignore parts of reality
• Frame things out of awareness
• Not think about where something has been (restaurant forks and plates)
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© 2018 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Building on WRRF Research
Building Blocks for effective engagement
Delivery(Reuse 09-07, 12-06, 13-02)
Context(Reuse-09-01)
Language(Reuse-07-03)
WRF Investment in Public Engagement Research and Tools
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© 2018 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Model Communication Plan (13-02) Guide for Public Engagement
Develop the potable reuse “project story”
Develop key messages that tell the story in terms understandable to a non-technical audience.
Identify key community leaders and the groups they represent and engage, continually
Majority support IPR (62%)
Initially most oppose DPR – but support goes up with information about safety
Treatment steps alone can build support
Testing/monitoring enhances support
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© 2018 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Videos, Graphics, & Tools to Share
DOWNSTREAM
All water is used and reused
THE WAYS OF WATER
Reuse without confusing terminology
THINK & DRINK
Animations demonstrating complex issues
https://watereuse.org/water-reuse-101/
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© 2018 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Global Connections Map
23 sites at present
Over 100 short videos
Over 30 FAQs answered by US and global experts
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© 2018 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Expert commentary is available to answer key questions about need, benefits, safety
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© 2018 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Technical Animations
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© 2018 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Use of Water Reuse 101 materials
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© 2018 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Changing minds... One pint at a timeStart a conversation about reuse and
the nature of water
Demystify water purification and the urban water cycle
Showcase innovative water technology to inform how water can
be used
“The World’s Most Sustainable Beer”
Beer brewed from water produced by Clean Water Services, in Portland, OR
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© 2018 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Thank you for your attention.
Julie [email protected]
“Water shouldn’t be judged by its history, but by its quality"
~Lucas van Vuuren (1927-2014)