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Water Pollution
Any physical, chemical, or biological change in water quality that has a harmful effect on living organisms or that makes water unusable for desired uses.
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Classes of water pollutants
1. Disease-causing agents2. Oxygen demanding wastes3. Water-soluble inorganic chemicals4. Inorganic plant nutrients5. Organic chemicals6. Sediments/suspended matter7. Water-soluble radioactive isotopes8. Thermal pollution
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Pathogens• Coliform bacteria (fecal coliforms)• Standard drinking = 0 in 100mL• Standard swimming = 200 in 100mL
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Oxygen demanding wastes• Organic wastes that can be decomposed by
aerobic bacteria• Measurement of oxygen required by bacteria is
called BOD = biological oxygen demand
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Water-soluble inorganic chemicals
• Acids, salts, toxic metals (mercury & lead)
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Inorganic plant nutrients(fertilizers)
Water-soluble nitrates and phosphates
– Result indirectly in depleted oxygen
– Consumption can lower oxygen carrying capacity of the blood
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Organic chemicals (carbon chemistry)
Oil, gasoline, plastics, pesticides, cleaning agents, detergents, solvents and others
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Silt, sediment, suspended matter
• Insoluble particles of soil and other• Cause cloudiness in water
– Reduces photosynthesis – buries fish eggs– clogs gills
• Silting also fills channels, harbors, and reservoirs• Measurement is called turbidity
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Radioactive Isotopes
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Oyster Creek Nuclear Plant
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Thermal pollution
• Cool water is drawn in by industrial plants, used to cool machinery, and returned to river at warmer temperature
• This warmer water lowers D.O.• Fish can suffer thermal shock
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Detecting water pollution
1. Water quality tests2. Indicator species
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Classifying sources of water pollution
Two types:point and non-point
Point source = pipes, sewers, ditches
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Non-point = runoff from watershed
EPA estimates that 33% of all contamination in lake and estuaries is caused by runoff
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Pollution in streams
Moving waters allow streams to recover more quickly than lakes
Biodegradable wastes are broken down more quickly in streams and rivers than in lakes
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Lake PollutionLess mixing in lakesThis makes lakes more vulnerable to pollutionFish can’t escape pollutants
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Cultural Eutrophication
Aerobic bacteria that break down algae use up oxygen
Algae & duckweed grow in population
explosion
Fertilizers, animal wastes,
Run into lakeAlgal bloom
Which leads to …………
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……. a “fish kill”
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Prevention • Advanced waster water treatment• Bans or limits on phosphates in detergents• Soil conservation and land-use to reduce runoff
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Cleanup • Dredging
• Removal of excess weeds
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Noteworthy cases
• The Great Lakes-pollution(point/non-point)• The Hudson River-PCBs• Chesapeake Bay-pollution(point/non-p)• Colorado River-water rights• Hetch Hetchy Valley-to dam or undam• James Bay, Canada-water diversion• Mono Lake-water diversion, overuse• Aswan Dam
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Ocean Pollution
• “The ocean is the ultimate sink”
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We live on coasts
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Most affected
• Coastal areas• Estuaries, wetlands, reefs, swamps• ½ of world population lives within 150
miles of coast• Bangladesh, Malaysia, Philippines,
Thailand, Indonesia• Mediterranean Sea 85% untreated
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U.S. • 35% of raw sewage goes untreated• Santa Monica• Chesapeake Bay
– Drains six states– Only 1% of runoff goes out to ocean
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Ocean Pollutants
• Dredge spoils – From harbor dredging
• Sewage sludge– From wastewater and sewage treatment plants– US banned in 1992– London Dumping Convention of 1972, 1983, 1994
• Oil (equal to more than 1,000 Exxon Valdez)
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Protecting the Coasts
• Prevention– Separate pipes– Discourage dumping– Protect sensitive and
ecologically valuable areas
– Use eco land-use planning
– Double hulls on ships– Recycle oil
• Cleanup– Improve cleanup
technologies– Require secondary
treatment of coastal sewage
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Clean Water Act (CWA)
• 1972 Clean Water Act!
• Main goal was to make all surface water safe for swimming and fishing by 1983
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Clean Water Act
• Was first called Water Pollution Control Act, 1972
• 1977 was amended to the Clean Water Act• 1987 Water Quality Act• Main goal was to make all surface water
safe for swimming and fishing by 1983
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More CWA
• Also sought to restore chemical integrity of the water
• Some gains have been made over point source pollution
• Little gains made in non point source • 1995 established discharges trading policy
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And still more laws…
• Source Water Assessment Program (SWAP), 1996
• SWPP, 1996• Surface Water Treatment Rule, 1996
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Clean Water Act Results
• Some gains have been made over point source pollution
• few gains made in non point source
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Results of CWA!
197236%
199262%
% of US lakes And rivers
That are fishable and swimmable
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Results of CWA
phosphorus DDT
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Laws, Treaties, Legislation
• Safe Drinking Water Act, 1974
• Water Quality Act, 1965
• Clean Water Act, 1972
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More Laws
• Emergency Wetlands Resources Act, 1986• Soil and Water Conservation Act, 1977• Wild and Scenic Rivers Act, 1968• Marine Plastic Pollution Research and Control Act,
1987• Ocean Dumping Ban Act, 1988• Oil Spill Prevention and Liability Act, 1990• Water Resources Development Act, 1974• National Estuary Program (NEP), 1987
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