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Water management
Mohamed Wahby Hussien
Alexandria University - Faculty of science
Microbiology/Environmental sciences
Bibliotheca Alexandrina – LYM – April 15, 2012
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Contents
• Water chemical and physical properties• Water cycle• Water importance• Water uses• Water availability• The driving forces and pressures on our water
resources• Egypt … a crisis we don’t see
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Contents
• Water chemical and physical properties• Water cycle• Water importance• Water uses• Water availability• The driving forces and pressures on our water
resources• Egypt … a crisis we don’t see
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Chemical composition
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Solvent
• Water is called the "universal solvent" because it dissolves all substances
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Water pH
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Three states
Water is unique in that it is the only natural substance that is found in all three physical states liquid, solid, and gas
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Phase changes in water
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Difference between vapour and steam
• Water vapour is the gas formed when water evaporates and becomes a gas it is invisible
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Difference between vapour and steam
• Steam is a collection of small water droplets formed when water vapour condense in the air and it is visible as a cloud.
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Contents
• Water chemical and physical properties• Water cycle• Water importance• Water uses• Water availability• The driving forces and pressures on our water
resources• Egypt … a crisis we don’t see
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Water cycle
http://www.biology.ualberta.ca/facilities/multimedia/uploads/alberta/watercycle.html
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Contents
• Water chemical and physical properties• Water cycle• Water importance• Water uses• Water availability• The driving forces and pressures on our water
resources• Egypt … a crisis we don’t see
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Water importance
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Water importance
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Contents
• Water chemical and physical properties• Water cycle• Water importance• Water uses• Water availability• The driving forces and pressures on our water
resources• Egypt … a crisis we don’t see
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Water uses
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Water uses
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Contents
• Water chemical and physical properties• Water cycle• Water importance• Water uses• Water availability• The driving forces and pressures on our water
resources• Egypt … a crisis we don’t see
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Water distribution in nature
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Contents
• Water chemical and physical properties• Water cycle• Water importance• Water uses• Water availability• The driving forces and pressures on our water
resources• Egypt … a crisis we don’t see
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The driving forces and pressures on our water resources
• Population growth, particularly in water-short regions• Major demographic changes as people move from
rural to urban environments• Higher demands for food security and socio-economic
well-being• Pollution from industrial, municipal and agricultural
sources.
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Contents
• Water chemical and physical properties• Water cycle• Water importance• Water uses• Water availability• The driving forces and pressures on our water
resources• Egypt … a crisis we don’t see
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Egypt challenges
• Arid• About 98% of its fresh water resources from
outside its international borders• Increasing population (86 million, 2025)• 1 more country is added to the Nile basin.
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Nile basin
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Nile basin
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I. Water supplies(109 m3/yr) 1990 2000 2025
Nile water 55.5 57.5* 57.5*
Groundwater:
In the Delta and New Valley 2.6 5.1 6.3
In the desert 0.5
Reuse of agricultural drainage water 4.7 7.0 8.0
Treated sewage water 0.2 1.1 2.4
Management and saving wasted water ? 1.0 ?
Total 63.5 71.7 74.2
II. Water demands(109 m3/yr) 1990 2000 2025
Agriculture 49.7 59.9 61.5
Households 3.1 3.1 5.1
Industry 4.6 6.1 8.6
Navigation 1.8 0.3 0.4
Total 59.2 69.4 75.6
* After the Gungli CanalBased on Abdel-Dayem (1994) and El-Kassas (1998).
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Future challenges for water management in Egypt, Dia Al-Quesy, 2008
Distribution of water uses in Egypt, 2008
Agricultural 56.4 (BCM)
Industrial 5.1 (BCM)
Municipal 9 (BCM)
80%
7%
13%
Agricultural Industrial Municipal
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89%
7% 5%
Surface irrigation Localized irrigation Sprinkler irrigation
FAO Water Report 29 (2005)
Irrigation techniquesTotal: 3 422 178 ha in 2000
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Water quantity per capita (m3)
1897 1907 1917 1927 1937 1947 1960 1970 1986 1992 2000
5084
4414
38543484
3103
2604
1893 1713
1138
981957
Water Issue in Egypt: Resources, Pollution and Protection EndeavorsHussein I. Abdel-Shafy1 and Raouf O. Aly2
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Water quantity per capita (m3)
1897 1907 1917 1927 1937 1947 1960 1970 1986 1992 2000
5084
4414
38543484
3103
2604
1893 1713
1138
981957
UN – bottom line
Water Issue in Egypt: Resources, Pollution and Protection EndeavorsHussein I. Abdel-Shafy1 and Raouf O. Aly2
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Future challenges
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Future challenges
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Future challenges
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• Almost two in every three people who need safe drinking water survive on less than $2 a day and one in three on less than $1 a day.
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Facts
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• 2.5 billion people lack access to improved sanitation
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• Improved sanitation facilities are estimated to result in an average reduction in cases of diarrhea of more than 33%
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• Washing hands with soap has been found to reduce diarrhea by more than 40%
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What you can do?
• Turn off the water while shaving• Scrape dishes instead of rinsing them• Purchase a high-efficiency washing machine
and wash only full loads • Water your lawn only in the early morning or
evening to avoid losing water to evaporation• Constant repair and check ups
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Know the value of what you are using
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8628832.stm
http://www.wateruseitwisely.com/100-ways-to-conserve/index.php
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Thank you