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Water & Energy in Brazil
Jerson Kelman
Oxford, 10 March 2014
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About 10% of the Brazilian population live in the Amazon River basin, where new power plants are being built to tap the energy from the mighty rivers and transmit it to the large urban centers, located thousands of kilometers away. What is the trade-off between the energy benefits that accrue to the majority of the population and the environmental and socio impacts that affect local people, including indigenous populations?
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3
Background: The Brazilian Amazon covers
520 million hectares, in nine states
RFU
LCSSD
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Brazilian power sector at glance 2012
Installed capacity ̴ 121 GW
Hydro installed capacity 70%
Consumption 500,000 GWh
Losses 15%
Hydroelectric energy 77% (few years ago, it was 90%!)
Brazil renewables (hydroelectric + wind power + sugar cane bagasse) 85%
World renewables 20%
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Kg CO2 / MWh (2010)
China USA Europe Brazil
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42.4
13.2
8.0
57,6
86.8
92.0
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Brazil (2012)
World (2010)
OCDE (2010)
Renewable
Non-renewable
Overall use of Energy
In Brazil: • electricity is mostly produced by water • vehicles can use any blend of gas + ethanol (flex fuel)
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Light vehicles in Brazil
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Blending sugarcane ethanol to gasoline is a proved and easy way to decrease overall emission of GHG But… would sugarcane expansion affect food security or the environment?
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sugar cane
Sugar plant plantations 8 million ha Pasture land 180 million ha
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Brazilian Agricultural Evolution
180 MM
160 MM
140 MM
120 MM
Population
Production of grains, oilseeds and vegetable (tons)
Agricutural lands (hectare)
100 MM
80 MM
60 MM
40 MM
20 MM
19
90
19
95
20
00
20
05
20
11
19
80
19
85
200 MM
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Same conditions •Acid Soil •Low fertility •High temperatures
Cerrado: “Brazilian Savannah” “African Savannah”
South – South: “Brazilian Savannah” to African Savannah
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Hydropower possibilities
China, 13%
Others, 44%
Russia, 12%
Brazil, 10%
Canada, 7%
Congo, 5% India, 5% USA, 4%
Source: Tolmasquim, M. (coord). Geração de Energia Elétrica no Brasil. Ed. Interciência, 2005
34% 34%
66%
Brazil
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Brazil 8.5 million km2
Brazilian
population
~190 million
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Transmission System 120.000 km 230 -800 kV
4 000 km Brazil 4 000 km Europe
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Does it make
sense to build new
hydro plants in the
Amazon?
What would
be the
alternatives?
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Oiapoque Maú
Tacutu
Negro
Cuiari Tocandirá Ig. Macapá Içana
Ig. Jarauaetê
Uaupés
Papury
Inhambú
Tiquié
Traíra
Caquetá
Aupa
Ig. Cunha
Juruá
Ig. Envira
Ig. Cachoeira
Ig. Sta. Rosa
Ig. Riozinho
Ig. Cachoeira Progresso
Yaco Ig. Chambirá Chandlees
Riohosio
Chumbuico
Purus
Abunã Mamoré Guaporé
Madeira
Solimões
Javari
International rivers – tributaries of the Anazon
Q 133,000 m3/s
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Does it make sense to build new waterways
to integrate South America countries?
Source: Macrologística
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Does it make sense to build new waterways (mostly for
transportation of grains) in the Brazilian Amazon?
Source: Macrologística
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What happens if the plant is built?
What happens if the
plant isn´t built
Local impacts
X
Global impacts
When deciding about a new infrastructure project…
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James Cameron and Sigourney Weaver
campaigning against the construction of
Belo Monte hydropower plant
Many believe that there no trade-offs:
hydropower plants should no be built.
Period.
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Hydropower for Me But Not for Thee, 3/6/14
John Briscoe
Global Development: Views from the Center
Energy, energy access
Senator Patrick Leahy of Vermont included in the
Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2014:
The Secretary of the Treasury shall instruct the United States
executive director of each international financial institution that
it is the policy of the United States to oppose any loan, grant,
strategy or policy of such institution to support the
construction of any large hydroelectric dam.”
Briscoe:
On his website Senator Leahy states: “Vermont has 84
operating hydroelectric plants, with a total generating capacity
of 190 megawatts, and also draws a large portion of its
energy portfolio from hydropower facilities operated by Hydro
Quebec…
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Out of the 20 million Brazilians that live in the
Amazon, 200 thousand (1%) live in reserved areas.
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In the Amazon there are
414 indigenous lands
covering 1,1 million km2
(4 X UK)
No hydropower plant is
being built, or is planned to
be built, in the indigenous
or in the environmentally
protected lands
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Hydroelectric power plants under construction in Amazon
UHE Santo Antonio 3.150 MW Preço : 40 US$ /MWh
UHE Jirau 3.450 MW Preço : 40 US$ /MWh
UHE Belo Monte 11.233 MW Preço : 40 US$/MWh
UHE Teles Pires 1.820 MW Preço : 30 US$ /MWh
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0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
Per capita consumption of electricity (kWh/year) 2011
Source: The World Bank
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Relationship between storage and monthly consumption
Mo
nth
s
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0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
Jan Fev Mar Abr Mai Jun Jul Ago Set Out Nov Dez
GW
hStreamflow variability of the future Belo Monte power plant
29
25 X
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Why wind power is economically competitive inn Brazil?
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1422
34
44 46
63
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Termelectric Plants
What happened in Brazil when environmental licenses for hydropower projects were denied or disputed in court?
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Explaining to the consumer the rise of electric energy tariff
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About 5% of the Brazilian population lives in the Northeast corner of the country. They share the same language, culture, institutions, education and political system of the other 95%. Yet, they have by far the lowest per capita income. What really differentiates this region from the rest of the country is hydrological variability. How to mitigate this problem?
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Sobradinho
Reservoir
34 billion m3
Sao Francisco
River Basin
2800 m3/s
640,000 km2
Length 2600 km Brazil
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Water rights
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The San Francisco
river basin plan was
approved by the basin
committee
• investment plan
(sewage collection and
treatment, storage,
reforestation…)
• criteria for allocating
non tradable water rights
• criteria for pricing
water rights
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Hydropower in the San Francisco River
396 MW
Power produced in
the basin is
transported and
consumed all over
the country
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Estimated
decrease of
firm power for
each 1m3/s
used in
irrigation
2,79 MWmed
2,54 MWmed
2,08 MWmed
1,06 MWmed
0 MWmed
3,22 MWmed
Irrigation X Hydropower
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Water allocation among
the states that share the
San Francisco river basin
Mid river irrigation
X
Lower river hydropower
X
Inter basin water transfer
2 4 3
23,2
133,5
85%
289,5 42,8
246,7
85%
276,4 40,9
235,5
85%
13,3
476,5 704,3 993,9
96,1 14,2
81,9
85%
5
1596,9
7 6
MG BA BA PE AL
18,9 27,7 37,1 111,9 50,0
1485,0
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Sobradinho
Reservoir
34 billion m3
Sao Francisco
River Basin
2800 m3/s
640,000 km2
Length 2600 km Brazil
Drought prone
area
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10 million people without reliable water supply
Intermittent rivers
Many small reservoirs that dry out during
droughts
Brazilian Semi-Arid
3 km average
distance to water
sources
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HYDROLOGICAL VICIOUS
CYCLE
No firm water supply
Little investment
in high-value crops or industry
People are
Poor
It is necessary an initial
stock of investments on
water infrastructure
before reaching the
“inflexion point… and
then real progress
starts
(David Grey and Claudia Sadoff,
“Sink or Swim? Water security
for growth and development”)
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San Francisco River Water Diversion
East Side
North Side
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Continuous fl
ow river
Small reservoir in
the recipient region
PipelineWater flow
from the
São Francisco
River Basin
Inte
rmitte
nt ri
ver
Continuous fl
ow river
Small reservoir in
the recipient region
PipelineWater flow
from the
São Francisco
River Basin
Inte
rmitte
nt ri
ver
• No Interbasin Diversion Project
• Build individual water tanks
• Store rain falling on the roofs
Water for survival
• Interbasin Diversion Project
• Build local reservoirs
• Build pipes and channels
Water for production
X
“I will sustain a hunger
strike until Government
cancels the Project”
(Bishop Dom Cappio)
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Opportunity cost of water in the
Sobradinho Reservoir
90% of capacity
Sobradinho
Reservoir
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Qmean São Francisco River = 2600 m3 /s
26 m3 /s ≤ Qdiversion ≤ 127 m3 /s
1% of Qmean ≤ Qdiversion ≤ 5% of Qmean
600 Km of channels
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However, in developing countries many
Government construction works are oversized
and don´t get proper O&M
A PPP would be a better model for the water
diversion project, rather than a pure
Government initiative
A private company would design the hydraulic
conveyance structure according to commercial
contracts for the sale of bulk water, which
would ensure the revenues for O&M along
many years
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We buy treated sewage…
(an Output Based Aid approach)