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“Water and Aqueous Systems”
“Aqua” Latin = water
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Liquid Water and it’s Properties
OBJECTIVES:
–Describe the hydrogen bonding that occurs in water.
–Explain the high surface tension and low vapor pressure of water in terms of hydrogen bonding.
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The Water Molecule Water is a simple tri-atomic molecule. Each O-H bond is highly polar,
because of the high electronegativity of the oxygen
bond angle = 104,5 o
due to the angular (bent) shape, the O-H bond polarity vectors do not cancel out. This means water as a whole is polar.
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The Water Molecule Water’s bent shape and ability to
hydrogen bond gives water many special properties.
Water molecules are attracted to one another.
This gives water: high surface tension, low vapor pressure, high specific heat, high heat of vaporization, and high boiling point
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High Surface Tension liquid water acts like it has a skin
–glass of water bulges over the topWater forms round drops
–spray water on greasy surfaceAll because water hydrogen bonds
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Surface Tension One water
molecule hydrogen bonds to another.
Also, hydrogen bonding occurs to other molecules all around.
H HO
+
+
-
H HO
+
-
+
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Surface TensionA water
molecule in the middle of solution is pulled in all directions.
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Surface Tension Not true at the
surface. Only pulled down
and to each side. Holds the
molecules together. Causes surface
tension.
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Surface TensionWater drops
are round, because all molecules on the edge are pulled to the middle- not to the air.
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Surface Tension Glass has polar
molecules. Glass can
hydrogen bond. Attracts the
water molecules. Some of the pull
is up a cylinder.
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Meniscus Water curves up
along the side of glass.
This makes the meniscus, as in a graduated cylinder
Plastics are non-wetting; no attraction
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MeniscusIn Glass
In Plastic
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Surface tension All liquids have surface tension
–water is higher than most others How to decrease surface tension?
–Use a surfactant - surface active agent
–a wetting agent, like detergent or soap
–interferes with hydrogen bonding
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Low vapour pressure
Hydrogen bonding also explains water’s unusually low vapor pressure.–Holds water molecules together,
so they do not escape–good thing- lakes and oceans
would evaporate very quickly
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Specific Heat Capacity Water has a high heat capacity (also
called specific heat). It absorbs 4.18 J/gºC, while iron absorbs
only 0.447 J/gºC. Remember: SHC = heat energy
mass x T If we calculate the heat need to raise the
temperature of both iron and water by 75ºC - water is almost 10 x more!
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Water Vapour and Ice
OBJECTIVES:
–Account for the high heat of vaporization and the high boiling point of water, in terms of hydrogen bonding.
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Water Vapor and Ice
OBJECTIVES:
–Explain why ice floats in water.
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Evaporation and Condensation Because of the strong hydrogen bonds, it
takes a large amount of energy to change water from a liquid to a vapour.
2260 J/g is the heat of vaporization.–This much energy to boil 1 gram water
You get this much energy back when it condenses.
Steam burns, but heats things well.
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Ice Most liquids contract (get smaller) as
they are cooled. They get more dense. When they change to solid, they are
more dense than the liquid. Solid metals sink in liquid metal.
–But, ice floats in water. Why?
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Ice Water becomes more dense as it
cools until it reaches 4ºC. Then it becomes less dense. As the molecules slow down, they
arrange themselves into honeycomb shaped crystals.
These are held together by hydrogen bonds.
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HHO
H
HO
H
H
O
HH
O
H
H O HH
O
H
HO
HHOH
H
O
H
HO H H
O
HH
O
Liquid Solid
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Ice 10% greater volume than water. Water freezes from the top down.
–The layer of ice on a pond acts as an insulator for water below
It takes a great deal of energy to turn solid water to liquid water.
Heat of fusion is: 334 J/g.
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Aqueous Solutions
OBJECTIVES:
–Explain the significance of the statement “like dissolves like”.
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Aqueous Solutions
OBJECTIVES:
–Distinguish among strong electrolytes, weak electrolytes, and non-electrolytes, giving examples of each.
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Solvents and Solutes Solution - a homogenous mixture,
that is mixed molecule by molecule. Solvent - the dissolving medium Solute -the dissolved particles Aqueous solution- a solution with water as the solvent.
Particle size about 1 nm; cannot be separated by filtration
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Aqueous Solutions Water dissolves ionic compounds and
polar covalent molecules best. The rule is: “like dissolves like” Polar dissolves polar. Non-polar dissolves non-polar. Oil is non-polar.
–Oil and water don’t mix. Salt is ionic- makes salt water.
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How Ionic solids dissolve Called solvation. Water breaks the + and - charged
pieces apart and surrounds them. In some ionic compounds, the
attraction between ions is greater than the attraction exerted by water– Barium sulphate and calcium
carbonate
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How Ionic solids dissolve
H HOH
H OH
HO
H HO
HHO
HH
O
HH
OH
H
O
HH
O
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Solids will dissolve if the attractive force of the water molecules is stronger than the attractive force of the crystal.
If not, the solids are insoluble. Water doesn’t dissolve non-polar
molecules because the water molecules can’t hold onto them.
The water molecules hold onto each other, and separate from the non-polar molecules.
Non-polars? No repulsion between them
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Electrolytes and Non-electrolytes Electrolytes- compounds that
conduct an electric current in aqueous solution, or in the molten state
–all ionic compounds are electrolytes (they are also salts)
barium sulphate- will conduct when molten, but is insoluble in water!
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Electrolytes and Non-electrolytes Do not conduct? Non-electrolytes.
–Many molecular materials, because they do not have ions
Not all electrolytes conduct to the same degree
–there are weak electrolytes, and strong electrolytes
–depends on: degree of ionization
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Electrolyte Summary Substances that conduct electricity
when dissolved in water, or molten. Must have charged particles that can
move. Ionic compounds break into charged
ions:
NaCl Na+ and Cl- These ions can conduct electricity.
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Non-electrolytes do not conduct electricity when dissolved in water or molten
Polar covalent molecules such as methanol (CH3OH) don’t fall apart into ions when they dissolve.
Weak electrolytes don’t fall completely apart into ions.
Strong electrolytes do ionise completely.
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Water of Hydration(or Water of Crystallization)
Water molecules chemically bonded to solid salt molecules (not in solution)
These compounds have fixed amounts of water.
The water can be driven off by heating:
CuSO4
.5H2O CuSO4 + 5H2O
Called copper(II)sulphate pentahydrate.- heat
+ heat
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Hydrates Since heat can drive off the water,
the forces holding it are weak If a hydrate has a vapour pressure
higher than that of water vapor in air, the hydrate will effloresce by losing the water of hydration
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Hydrates Some hydrates that have a low
vapour pressure remove water from the air to form higher hydrates- called hygroscopic
–used as drying agents, or dessicants
–packaged with products to absorb moisture
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Hydrates Some compounds are so hygroscopic,
they become wet when exposed to normally moist air- called deliquescent
–remove sufficient water to dissolve completely and form solutions
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Heterogeneous Aqueous Systems
OBJECTIVES:
–Explain how colloids and suspensions differ from solutions.
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Heterogeneous Aqueous Systems
OBJECTIVES:
–Describe the Tyndall effect.
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Mixtures that are NOT Solutions
Suspensions: mixtures that slowly settle upon standing.–Particles of a suspension are greater
in diameter than 100 nm.–Can be separated by filtering
Colloids: heterogeneous mixtures with particles between size of suspensions and true solutions (1-100 nm)
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Mixtures that are NOT Solutions
The small particles are the dispersed phase, and are spread throughout the dispersion medium
The first colloids were glues. Others include mixtures such as gelatin, paint, aerosol sprays, and smoke
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Mixtures that are NOT Solutions
Many colloids are cloudy or milky in appearance when concentrated, but almost clear when dilute–do not settle out–cannot be filtered out
Colloids exhibit the Tyndall effect- the scattering of visible light in all directions.–suspensions also show Tyndall effect
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Mixtures that are NOT Solutions
Flashes of light are seen when colloids are studied under a microscope- light is reflecting- called Brownian motion to describe the chaotic movement of the particles
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Mixtures that are NOT Solutions
Emulsions- colloids dispersions of liquids in liquids–an emulsifying agent is essential for
maintaining stability–oil and water not soluble; but with
soap or detergent, they will be. Oil and vinegar dressing?
–Mayonnaise? Margarine?