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Wastewater Treatment
Technologies
Sumona MukherjeePhD Student
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Introduction
It is unhealthy for humans, pets, and wildlife to drink or come in contact withsurface or ground water contaminated with wastewater.
Inadequate treatment of wastewater allows bacteria, viruses, and other disease-
causing pathogens to enter groundwater and surface water.
Hepatitis, dysentery, and other diseases may result from bacteria and viruses indrinking water.
Disease-causing organisms may make lakes or streams unsafe for recreation. Flies
and mosquitoes that are attracted to and breed in wet areas where wastewater
reaches the surface may also spread disease.
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Wastewater is the combination of liquid and water-transported wastes from homes,
commercial buildings, industrial facilities, and institutions, along with any groundwater
infiltration and surface water and stormwater inflow that may enter the sewer system.
Point sources of wastewater are discrete and identifiable sources that are divided into
domestic and industrial sources.
Domestic sources include residences and small businesses. Compared with industry, these
are relatively small sources. As a result, a major issue in this category is the collection of
wastewater (i.e., it is a major expense when added up for the entire community)Industrial sources are relatively large sources that include such sub-categories as the
chemical, pharmaceutical, oil, mining, and metal industries. Because of their size, these
sources are generally easier to collect, but harder to treat (e.g., their chemical content can
vary tremendously).
Introduction
Source of Wastewater
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Source of Wastewater
Non-point sourcesare diffuse and generally occur from water runoff. Because they are
spread over large areas, they tend to be more difficult to control, and in recent years they
have gained greater attention from legislators. They are divided into agricultural, urban, andatmospheric sources.
Agricultural sources include farms, which can contribute fertilizers, pesticides, soil erosion,
and plant and animal wastes to water runoff. Collectively, they usually constitute the largest
source of pollutants to water, and the erosion contributions are being worsened by the
deforestation occurring in various parts of the world.
Urban sources include the storm water systems that collect water from the gutters of streetsin towns and cities. The true scope of the problem from urban sources is still not very well
understood, but it is clearly a major contributor.
Atmospheric sources include air pollution's contribution during precipitation (e.g., acid rain).
We do not discuss it in detail here because we have already covered it in a previous section.
Nevertheless, it is a classic example of the multi-media role of wastewater pollution.
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Selection of wastewatertreatment options
The selection and design of treatment facilities is based on a study of
the physical, chemical and biological characteristics
of the wastewater
the quality that must be maintained in the
environment to which the wastewater is to be
discharged or for the reuse of the wastewater
the applicable environmental standards or dischargerequirements that must be met
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Characteristics of wastewater
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Contaminants of concern in wastewater treatment
Contaminants Reason for concern
Suspended solids Sludge deposits and anaerobic conditionsBiodegradable
organics
Depletion of natural oxygen resources and the
development of septic conditions
Dissolved organics Inorganic conditions added by usage.
Reclamation and reuse application.
Heavy metals Metallic constituents added by usage.
Many metals are also classified as priority pollutants
Nutrients Growth of undesirable aquatic life; eutrophications
Pathogens Communicable
Priority organicpollutnts
Suspected carcinogenicity, mutagenicity,teratogenicity, or high acute toxocity.
Many priority pollutants resists conventional treatment
methods (known as refractory organics)
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Organic Waste
COHNS
End Products
New Cell Tissue
C5H7NO2
Oxidation
Synthesis
energy
energy
O2
Stable organic
end product
O2
O2
Endogenous respiration
Schematic diagram of the aerobic biological conversion of organic matter in wastewater to end
products, to new cells and ultimately to stable organic and other end products
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A:
B:
(to be written)
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Typical composition of untreated domestic wastewater
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Unit waste loading factors
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Minimum national standards for secondary treatment
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Typical flow diagram for the treatment of domestic wastewater
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Levels of wastewater treatment
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Application of physical unit operations of wastewater treatment
Ci i
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Circular comminutor
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S i D i d f th l f lid
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Screening Devices used for the removal of solids
D i d f i i f h i l i t t
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Devices used for mixing of chemicals in wastewater
D i d f t f f i t th t t
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Devices used for transfer of oxygen into the wastewater
D i d f di t ti f t t
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Devices used for sedimentation of wastewater
Devices used for sedimentation of wastewater
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Devices used for sedimentation of wastewater
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Typical horizontal-lamp parallel-flow ultraviolet (UV) facility used for the
inactivation of microorganisms
Applications of Chemical unit process in wastewater treatment
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Applications of Chemical unit process in wastewater treatment
Major biological treatment processes used for the wastewater treatment
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Major biological treatment processes used for the wastewater treatment
Typical design parameters used the activated sludge processes
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Typical design parameters used the activated sludge processes
Typical design parameters used the activated sludge processes
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Typical design parameters used the activated sludge processes
Trickling Filters
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Trickling Filters
Typical design parameters for various types of trickling filters
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Typical design parameters for various types of trickling filters
Rotating Biological Contractor
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Rotating Biological Contractor
Typical design parameters for the various types of trickling filters
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Typical design parameters for the various types of trickling filters
Pond system for the treatment of wastewater
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Pond system for the treatment of wastewater
Land application of wastewater
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Land application of wastewater
Typical flow diagrams for the removal of nutrients from wastewater
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yp c ow d g s o e e ov o u e s o w s ew e
Filtration system for wastewater reclamation system
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y y
Sludge processing methods
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g p g
Sludge processing methods
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g p g
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Typical two stage sludge digestion facility
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yp g g g y
Advanced treatment processes used to purify treated water
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Thank You