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Waste Management in Austria- How to Avoid Wasting Waste
Dublin, London, Edinburgh
08.-10.06.2009
Hubert Reisinger, Federal Environment [email protected]
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Table of contents
• Problems and developments
• Objectives & Rules
• Waste Management Strategy
• Achievements
• The future
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Austrian waste arisings
Czech Republic
Germany
50 40 5 30 20 10 0 km
Slovakia
Hungary
SloveniaItaly
Switzerland
- 6,800 kg waste/capita.a
- 448 kg household waste/cap.a
Austria
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Problems: waste growth
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Further problems
• Over 25 % of fresh food => rubbish bin
• Electronic products with hazardous substances increasing
• Imported products with unknown composition increasing
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Austrian metal consumption
1980 to 2006:
Domestic metal extraction -43 %
Metal imports +640 %
Data source: Petrovic, B. (2008): Materialflussrechnung, Inputreihe 1960 bis 2006 Statistik Austria, Wien.
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Chromium: security of supply?
• Range of known economic reserves: 8 years
• Market share of extraction companies:
• Market share of extraction countries:
Data source: FRONDEL et al. 2006; U.S.Geological Survey of the U.S. Department of the Interior: Mineral commodity summaries 2001 & 2009.
CountryYear 2008 market share
in %South Africa 45Kazakhstan 17India 15Top 3: Total 77
CompanyYear 2003 market share
in %Xstrata 20BHP Billiton 10Tata Iron and Steel 9Top 3: Total 39
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Waste strategy objectives
Minimise impact of waste and waste strategy on public health and the environment without introducing excessive costs
– Minimise emissions
– Reduce hazardous substances in the economy
– Minimise distribution of hazardous substances
– Minimise primary resource and energy consumption
– Increase resource efficiency
Source: AWG 2002, Federal Waste Management Plan 2006
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Waste Management Rules
• Separate waste fractions
• Waste disposal only to sanitary landfill sites
• Only inert waste sent to landfill (Total Organic Carbon (TOC) < 5 %)
• All reactive waste must be treated
Source: AWG 2002, Federal Waste Management Plan 2006, Deponie-VO, AVV
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Emission limits for waste incineration
Half-hour-average limit values for waste incineration in mg/Nm³ fromEU directive DIR 2000/76/EC, Austrian Waste Incineration Ordinance AVVLicensing of current projects
(selected parameters)
Parameter EU-Directive 2000/76/EC AVV
License of plant Linz
Dust 30 10 5
Organic Carbon 20 10 8
HCl 60 10 7
HF 4 0.7 0.3
SO2 200 50 40
NOx as NO2 400 100 60
Source: DIR 2000/6/EC, AVV, Neubacher (2009): Kapazitäten – Überkapazitäten Wo ist der Abfall in Österreich?. ÖWAV, 1.-2.04.2009, Salzburg.
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Quality-assured recycling of construction matieral
• The concentration of hazardous substances in the material and in the aqueous extract (eluate) define the quality class and the field of application
• Example nickel
• Compliance is audited by independent third party
Class A+ Class A Class B
Max. Nickel-concentration in material (mg/kg dry matter)
30 55 55
Max. Nickel-concentration in the eluate (mg/kg dry matter at a liquid/solid ratio of 10/1)
0.4 0.4 0.6
Source: Federal Waste Management 2006, BRV (2007): Red Guideline for Construction Materials
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Organising theWaste Management Strategy
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Historic development
• Phase 1: All waste is collected and sent to legal landfills
• Phase 2: Separate collection of paper, glass, metals and plastics
• Phase 3: Ban on landfilling reactive waste => treatment or recycling of most waste
• Phase 4: Waste prevention and recycling revisited
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Administrative Organisation of Austria
National (Federal level) 1 The State
Regional level 9 Federal Provinces
Local level2,359 Regional Authorities aggregated to 85 Waste Management Associations
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Responsibilities
• Federal level
– Regulation and monitoring of hazardous waste
– General rules for collection and treatment
– Transboundary shipment
• Regional level
– Regulation and monitoring of non-hazardous waste
– Licensing
• Local communities
– Collection and treatment of household/municipal waste
• Industry
– Collection and treatment of industrial waste
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Waste Collection Strategy: Households (+industries ≤ 240 l/week)
Separate Household
Bins
Recycling Bank Sites
Reuse & Recycling Centres
In-Store Recycling
Residual waste X
Paper X (X) X
Biodegradable X X
Hollow plastic packaging
X (X) X
Metal packaging X X
Glass X X
Textiles (X) X
Batteries X X
Electric/electronic equipment
X X
Lamps X X
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Recycling Bank Site
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Reuse & Recycling Centre
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Reuse & Recycling Centres - Location
approx. 7,500 people/centre
50 km
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High calorific value waste
Biogas
Thermal Treatment
Mechanical -Biological Treatment
Chemical –Physical Treatment(Emulsion splitting,neutralisation)
Special Treatment:
Composting
Landfill
Recycling
Waste Recovery and Disposal Systems(only main streams shown)
SubsurfaceLandfillGermany
Residualwaste
Inert waste
Bio-waste
Emulsions,acids…
Construction residues, Vehicles, WEEE…
(Separate)Collection
Transport
MechanicalSeparation
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Location of MBT and waste incineration plants
MBT
MBT
MBT
MBT
MBT
MBT
50 40 5 30 20 10 0 km
Waste incineration plant (operational)
Waste incineration plant planned/under construction
MBT
Mechnical-Biological-Treatment-(MBT)-Plant operating
MBT
MBT
MBT
MBTMBT MBT
MBT
MBT
MBT
MBT
MBT
MBT
MBT
MBT
MBTMBT
MBT
MBT-Plant planned/under constructionMBT
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Recovery and Disposal Plants
Plant Type Capacity in Mt/a 2005
Number of Plants 2005
Change till 2008
Sorting Plants 1 123 + 10
Municipal Solid Waste incineration
1.7 9 +1
Other Incineration 2.9 180 +7
Mechanical-Biological Treatment (MBT)
0.8 16 +1
Composting + Biogas 1.4 780 Composting + 13
Physical-Chemical Treatment 0.5 37 +0
Treatment of Construction Waste 5.5 293 +48
Landfills 666 -118
Special Treatment + Recycling 2.4 190
Source: Federal Waste Management Plan 2006, Statusreport 2008
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Key Austrian Waste Mangagement Indicators
Private companies (including privatised
public companies)
Municipal and public
institutions Total sectorAnnual Turn-over in million € 4,000 1,000 5,000
Employees 25,000 6,000 31,000Number of companies 850
Source: denkstatt 2009
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Example of an Austrian waste collector/treater
AustriaOther
countries TotalAnnual turn-over in million € 200 94 294Employees 1,405 2,049 3,454Sites 22 53 75Customer communities 504 1.140 1.644Customer companies 17,245 15,783 33,028
Source: denkstatt 2009, www.saubermacher.at
Main Sites
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Achievements
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Flow & distribution of lead in Austria (2005)
WasteManagementSector
Stock + 3 kt
Water+ 0.01 kt
Air+ 0.05 kt
PrivateHouseholds
Stock + 1 kt
IndustryCommerceServicesImports Exports
8 kt 4 kt
20 kt
14 kt
2 kt 1 kt
Source: Umweltbundesamt (2009): RUSCH
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Separate collection of household waste 2007
Old
mat
eria
ls
Old-materials (160 kg/cap):
80 % recycled
17 % used for energy recovery.
Household waste arisings:
167 kg/cap (37.4 %) residual
waste
281 kg/cap (62.6 %)
separately collected.
Source: Federal Waste Management Plan Statusbericht 2008
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Recycling material for construction
• 5 million t/a recycled as quality-assured construction material (= 63 % of the potential)
• 39 companies qualify for the quality label
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Reasons for success
• Environmental concerns are important => most people want to do something for the environment
• Good working relationship between waste managers, public authorities and interest groups
• Waste is of value
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The Future – Electronic Data Management (EDM)
• Objective: All reporting obligations (e.g. hazardous waste) should be fulfilled via internet by waste producers and waste managers
• Status: partly realised
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Federal waste prevention and recycling strategy
Groups Measured
Multi-trip packaging
Services instead of products
Construction and demolition waste
Input-/output-optimization of incineration
Hazardous substances in products
Full Ban on cadmium in batteries
Development/implementation of a building pass
Lifetime extension
Selective (recycling oriented) demolition
Promotion of recycling
Promotion of waste saving construction
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Material Extraction
ProductionWaste Management
Consumption
Emissions
Em
issi
ons
Em
issions
Emissions
Primary Material Resources
Safe Sink for
hazardous substances
Integrated Material Flow Management for meeting a Sustainable
Demand
Economic Sphere
Environmental Sphere
Lifecycle-Management
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Further Information
www.umweltbundesamt.at/en/umweltschutz/abfall/
www.bundesabfallwirtschaftsplan.at/article/articlevicapita/52746/1/13192/
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Rotary Kiln
Sewage sludge mono incineration
Mixing Cleaning
Fertiliser confection
Trade
1,000 450 600 100
n.k.
120
500
n.k.
600 -1,300
130 -800
20
30 40
Additives
AshSewage Sludge
Fertilizer
Heavy metal filter
cake
Granulate
Flue gas I
Additive
Additives
Flue gas II
Flue gas
Phosphor-Granulate
Ash-Dec-process (Laboratory scale)
AdditivesHCl
Source: (HERMANN 2008).
Mass flows in kg; n.k. = not known
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Heavy metal concentration before and after Ash-Dec treatment compared to national limit values
CH 200
D 70
CH 50
A 100
NL 897
NL 2,1
A 1
Source: Schwermetallkonzentrationen im Klärschlamm, in der Klärschlammasche und im Produkts aus der Pilotanlage des Ash-Dec-Verfahrens im Vergleich mit den schärfsten Düngemittelgrenzwerten aus der Schweiz (CH), Deutschland (D), Österreich (A) bzw. den Niederlanden (NL) (HERMANN 2008).
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Raw materials - world mineral extraction
• World extraction of minerals since 2000: + 62 %
• Financial crisis will slow but not stop increase
Data source: U.S.Geological Survey of the U.S. Department of the Interior: Mineral commodity summaries 2001 & 2009.
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Costs of waste collection and transport
Waste from households, schools, commerce < 240 l/week
Industrial waste
HH= Households, Source: denkstatt 2009
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Treatment costs
• Thermal treatment of MBT of residual waste:– 135 – 155 €/t
• Composting, biogas from separately collected bio-waste:– 40 – 60 €/t
Source: denkstatt 2009
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Source: Fernwärme Wien (no year): Erweiterung der Schlammentsorgung mit Restmüllverbrennung im Werk Simmeringer Haide -Errichtung des Wirbelschichtofens 4 mit Rauchgasreinigung. Wien.
Flow-sheet of an Austrian waste incineration plant
IncinerationEnergy
recovery
Flue gas cleaning
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Limit values for co-incineration
Limit of input-heavy metal concentration in mg/MJ
Parameter Median* 80-Percentile**
Mercury (Hg) 0,15 0,25
For co-incineration, emissions are not limited, instead the concentration of 7 heavy metals in the input-material is restricted.
Example for mercury:
*Median: 50 % of the measurements show values below this limit
**80 Percentile: 80 % of the measurements show values below this limit
Source: AVV, Richtlinie Ersatzbrennstoffe