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Warm-up 1/9:
• Finish Pedigree Worksheet: #11-16
• Turn in LAB from Yesterday with Karyotype Stapled to written section.
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Warm-up 1/9:
• What is a clone?
• What do you think a DNA Finger Print is?
• Biotech Quest Quiz: Tuesday 1/14
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Biotechnology Notes
Chapter 9
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Biotechnology
• Scientist change an organism’s DNA to give it new traits.
• Possible because all organisms have the same Genetic Code
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What are the benefits?
– Insert needed gene into an organism– Make better vegetables/fruits– Identify a suspect– Increase biodiversity
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Restrictive Enzymes
• Cuts DNA– Act like molecular “scissors” – Lets scientist take out and insert a new gene
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Restrictive Enzyme
• Different restrictive enzymes cut in different places
• They recognize nucleotides between 4 and 8 bases long
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Restrictive Enzymes
• Some cut straight and make “blunt ends”
• Some cut staggered and make “sticky ends”
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Gel electrophoresis
• Uses an electrical current to separate DNA sequences that were cut by restrictive enzymes.
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• Electrical currents pull the pieces through a gel
• Smaller fragments can move faster & farther than longer fragments
Gel electrophoresis
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• Each piece creates
a band on the gel
• Creates a DNA fingerprint
• Everyone has their own unique DNA fingerprint
Gel electrophoresis
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DNA Fingerprinting
• Made by restrictive enzymes and gel electrophoresis
• What is it used for?– Paternity tests– Evidence in criminal cases– Studying biodiversity
(mother) (child 1) (child 2) (father)
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• http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=DD31D995-3E35-4858-8E2C-0E6045BEDBA6&blnFromSearch=1&productcode=US#
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Plasmid
– loops of DNA in bacteria
– restriction enzymes cut plasmid and foreign DNA
– foreign gene inserted into plasmid
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Recombinant DNA
• Contains genes from more than one organism
(bacterial DNA)
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Transgenic Organism
• Has one or more genes inserted in it’s DNA– Has recombinant DNA
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Transgenic Organism
• Transgenic bacteria used to make human protein– Gene inserted into plasmid– Plasmid inserted into bacteria– Bacteria makes the protein the gene coded for
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Uses of Transgenic Organisms
• Transgenic plants used in agriculture– Creates crops
resistant to frost, diseases, and insects
– Food produced more quickly and cheaply
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Uses of Transgenic Organism
• Transgenic animals – Used to study diseases and gene functions.
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Concerns about Genetic Engineering
– possible long-term health effects of eating GM foods
– possible effects of GM plants on ecosystems and biodiversity
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Class work
1. Vocabulary Chart
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Cloning & Gene Therapy Notes
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Genetic Screening
• Test DNA to detect genetic diseases
– determines risk of havingor passing on a geneticdisorder
– can detect genesrelated to an increasedrisk of cancer
– can detect some genesknown to cause geneticdisorders
DMD N
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Gene Therapy
• Is the replacement of faulty genes• Gene therapy replaces defective or missing
genes, or adds new genes, to treat a disease.
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Gene Therapy
• Has many technical difficulties– Inserting gene into correct cell– Determining effect on other genes
• Only way to cure genetic disease is to change the affected DNA
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Cloning
• A clone is a genetically identical copy of a gene or of an organism.
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Cloning
• Cloning occurs in nature.
– bacteria (binary fission)
– some simple animals (budding, regeneration)
– Identical twins
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Cloning
• Mammals can be cloned through a process called nuclear transfer.– nucleus is removed from an egg cell– nucleus of a cell from the animal to be cloned is
implanted in the egg
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Benefits of Cloning
• Human organ transplants
• Save endangered species
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Concerns of Cloning
• Low success rate
• Clones less healthy than original
• Ethical controversy
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Jurassic park