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Vocal pedagogy
Respiratory Anatomy
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Respiratory system Lungs provide airflow which is the
power/fuel for the voice Essential to life Part of the autonomic nervous
system- so happens without conscious thought
Provides oxygen for body function and disposes of waste carbon dioxide.
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Structure of the lungs Trachea, left and right bronchus to
bronchioles then alveoli. There are between 20 and 30 generations of branches.
Left has 2 lobes and right has 3 Between the lungs is the mediastinum a
space containing the heart, trachea oesophagus and blood vessels.
The surface area of the alveoli is a similar size to a tennis court and so allows rapid exchange of gases.
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Lobes of lungs
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Structure of the lungs The lungs are encased in a double plural
membrane. This is one continuous sac which doubles back on itself. The Visceral Pleura adheres to the lungs and the out parietal pleura encases the chest wall.
The intrapleural space contains a lubricating fluid. It is not a real space but a place of negative pressure keeping the two membranes adhered together. The fluid allows the membranes to slide over each other easily during expansion and contraction with breathing.
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Action of the lungs The negative pressure means that the
surface tension keeps the two surfaces together preventing the lung from collapsing.
Air is drawn into the lungs through the nose or mouth, through the larynx and trachea. The trachea is a flexible tube made up of rings of cartilage. The rings are incomplete giving flexibility to the tube.
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Airflow Air moves into an area of lower
pressure created by the mechanical expansion of the ribs
The trigger to inhale comes from the medulla of the brain in response to receptors detecting the presence of CO2
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Action of bellows
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Skeletal support of the lungs The spinal column is divided into 5
areas. Each part has numbered vertebrae
Cervical - C1-7 Thoracic - T1-12 Lumbar - L1-5 Sacral - S1-5 Coccygeal - Cg1-5 Coccyx
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Spinal column
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Ribs and sternum The thoracic vertebrae provide the
attachment of the twelve ribs at the back
The Sternum made up of the manubrium, body of sternum and xiphoid process with which the true ribs articulate at the front
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Sternum
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Rib Cage
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False ribs 8-12 The 8-10 pairs of ribs connect to the
sternum indirectly via the costal cartilages of the ribs above them. Their elasticity allows ribcage movement for respiratory activity.
The phrase floating rib refers to the two lowermost 11 and 12 rib pairs; so-called because they are attached only to the vertebrae–and not to the sternum or cartilage of the sternum. These ribs are relatively small and delicate, and include a cartilaginous tip.
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Muscles of respiration
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Inspiratory muscles
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Quiet Inspiration Diaphragm when it contracts it
becomes less domed and flatter increasing the size of the thoracic cavity Question can you put your hand on your
diaphragm?
External intercostals (note the direction of the muscle fibres.)
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Diaphragmatic movement
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Rib expansion Upper ribs are hinged with the
sternum so they move forwards when raised. This does not increase the size of the
lungs as much as lower ribs and is considered inefficient
Lower ribs (5 upwards) move more like a bucket handle outwards and upwards
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Muscles of forced inspiration Muscles of forced inspiration
Costal elevators Sternocleidomastoid Scalenes Pectorals Latissimus dorsi Levatores costarum Serratus posterior superior
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Accessory muscles of inspiration
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Expiration Passive at rest Recruitment muscles for
Forced expiration Controlled expiration in speech and
song
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Expiration
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Active Expiration While speaking, muscular force can be
used to prevent the ribcage from descending too quickly. Either to forcefully exhale, or to exhale below the resting level. The internal intercostal muscles which lie deep to the external intercostals act in this way. The muscle fibres run in an opposite direction to the external intercostals - they run down and laterally.
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Other muscle of expiration Rectus abdominus muscle External oblique muscle Internal oblique muscle Transverse abdominus. Quadratus lumborum