Download - VO Compact City
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The compact city
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Outline
1. The Compact City
i. Concept
ii. Advantages and the paradox of the
compact city
iii. Key factor travel behavior
i. Definition
ii. Evaluating the compact city concept
ith respect to urban sustainability
!. Conclusion
". #eferences
2. $rban sustainability
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!
Urban development
% &eriods of decentrali'ation and deconcentration had exerted a tremendous pressure on
the countryside
% The availability of land became an ever(groing issue oing to claims made by the
rapidly increasing levels of mobility
% )n the 1*+,-s the population increased rapidly hen it stabili'ed/ households became
smaller and as a result number of households increased
% 0hilst the need for housing and for urban space ept on groing/ the negative effects
of urban spral called for a change in the outards(oriented movement in the surge for
urban space.
The compact city concept was seen as an approach that could
end the evil of urban sprawl
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Concepts describing the development
paradigm of the compact city
%Activities and floor space
are concentrated rather
than dispersed
Density
Compact city
%Activities and floor space
are concentrated rather
than dispersed
Density
Compact city
%Activities and floor space
are concentrated rather
than dispersed
Density
% #elated to the process of
achieving compactness% Development in existing
urban areas rather than
in suburbs or exurbs
% #esult a positive groth
rate for density
Intensification
Compact city
% Activities and floor space
are concentrated rather
than dispersed
Density
% Different activities are
mixed hori'ontally orvertically
% Activities could be
different land uses/
facilities or land uses and
facilities
Mix of uses
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The compact city
% The compact city concept aims at a high(density mixed(use/ and intensified urban form.
% The idea emphasi'es that urban activities should be located closer together to ensure
better access to services and facilities via public transport/ aling/ and cycling/ and
more efficient utility and infrastructure provision.
% The basic provision of the compact city is the local community or neighborhood/ though
conventional urban planning models tend to plan tons and cities at a larger scale ith
a reliance primarily on automobile travel.
% )n the compact city/ human scale factors should be given greater emphasis from the
viepoint of achieving a better 4uality of life/ and therefore consideration of the effects
of the local environment are ey components in such planning.
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New Urbanism
New urbanism is an American urban design movement that arose in the early 1980s!
"ts goal to reform many aspects of real estate development and urban planning# from
urban retrofits to suburban infill!
% Creation of diverse/ compact/ and
mixed neighborhoods
% Everyday activities/ such as
housing/ or/ schools/ shops/ and
other amenities/ are all ideally ithin
1* minutes6 aling distance of each
other
% The aim is to provide a pleasant/comfortable/ interesting/ and safe
environment for pedestrians/ and to
provide alternatives to car use such
as public/ transit and cycling
facilities
7ig.1 Contrasting suburban spral 8a9 ith 8neo9 traditional
neighboorhood development
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dvantages of the compact city
% ;ess car dependency/ lo emissions/ reduced energy consumption by819 uvenation of existing urban areas and urban vitality/ a high 4uality of life/ thepreservation of green space and a milieu for enhanced business and trading activities.
%
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The paradox of the compact city
$hy would compactness reduce energy consumption%
% A number of developments hich lead to an increasing density and?or a change of
function or an expansion of activities give rise to stagnation or cannot tae place at all/
because the actual or expected environmental 4uality is seen as unacceptable. @ften
these developments are seen as desirable from a spatial point of vie.
% &rey environment' The grey environment is seen as the part which relates to the hygiene of
the physical environment and partly determines the (uality of our day)to)day local and
regional surroundings!
The parado* of the compact city'The advantages are the reduced transport and
space re4uirements. @n the other hand/ environmental problems are concentrated inthe urban area/ hich can lead to conflicts beteen living and or functions.
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!nvironmental conflicts in compact cities
Differentiation beteen relatively simple 8A9/ relatively complex 8=9/ and relatively very
complex 8C9
7ig.2 Categories of environmental conflicts
around industrial sites
" centrally issued standards can beimplemented easily to create a separation
between these site and residential areas#
$" need for anticipation of the future
environmental %uality due to high costs
which would be incurred in efforts to
reduce the excessive environment load#
C" highly substantial side&effets ma'e it
almost impossible to resolve these
conflicts by implementing environmental
standards#
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(ey factor travel behavior
% ain goal restrain dispersal of home/ or/ and leisure facilities to reduce commuting
time and distances
% Advancement to Burban netors hich aims at concentrating ne or and housing
developments near to existing and potential public transport nodes and motoray
intersections
Example ousing debate in the $< 1*+,-s
% ob(ousing balance the spatial distribution of employees differed substantially from
the spatial distribution from >obs causing an extra load of traffic.
% Excess travel 8Basteful commuting9 due to too high average travel distances.
7ig.! #elationship beteen urban density and petrol use
)educe energy
consumption
)eorgani*e
infrastructure
)educe energy
consumption
)eorgani*e
infrastructure
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Outline
1. The Compact City
i. Concept
ii. Advantages and the paradox of the
compact city
iii. Key factor travel behavior
i. Definition
ii. Evaluating the compact city concept
ith respect to urban sustainability
!. Conclusion
". #eferences
2. $rban sustainability
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Urban sustainability
+ustainable development involves more than environmental conservation, it embraces
the need for e(uity! -oth intra)generational e(uity providing for the needs of the least
advantaged in society# and inter)generational e(uity# ensuring a fair treatment of future
generations# need to be considered!
Challenges generating models of urban sustainability% proliferate and transform the entire global economy into a balance(seeing
relationship ith our natural ecosystem
% reconcile humanind ith the natural environment/ hose health is the
precondition for all human activity
% develop and maintain a continually re(balancing relationship among their internal
social and economic activities and ith their ider natural and agriculturallandscape
% to develop a real and viable alternative to decline/ not merely on a theoretical
basis/ but in a real place the sustainable city
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Indices for evaluating urban sustainability
The principles common to most definitions are the maintenance of the urban systemFs
survival/ the fostering of evolution in the long term/ and the consideration of urban
development in terms of three ey features
%
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n empirical example & Taiwan
19 Density influences environmental
sustainability
29 Density positively influences economic
sustainability
!9 Density influences social sustainability
"9 ix of uses negatively environmental
sustainability39 ix of uses positively influences economic
sustainability
59 ix of uses negatively influences social
sustainability
:9 )ntensification influences environmental
sustainability
+9 )ntensification positively influenceseconomic sustainability
*9 )ntensification influences social
sustainability
7ig." ypothetical path diagram
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n empirical example & Taiwan
% The density and the process of intensification
not only positively influence economic
sustainability but they also negatively
influence environmental and social
sustainability.
% The mix of uses creates positive effects for
economic sustainability and has anonsignificant influence on environmental
and social sustainability.
Need for complementary
strategies to guide compact&citybased policy towards the goals
of sustainability#
!#g" increasing density under the
limitation of environmental
capacity, supplying a sufficient
amount of green fields and public
facilities#
7ig.3 An empirical path diagram
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!ffects of compactness on social e%uality
7ig. ! Effects of
compactness
on social e4uity
7ig. 5 Effects of
compactness on
social e4uity
=eneficial dimensions
% #e(urbani'ation and
evelopment of
previously derelict land
% igh density housing
% ;arge 4uantity of locally
provided services and
facilities
Conflicts arise in attempting to identify future directions for policy/ as forms of
compactness appear to be positive for some effects and negative for others.
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Outline
1. The Compact City
i. Concept
ii. Advantages and the paradox of the
compact city
iii. Key factor travel behavior
i. Definition
ii. Evaluating the compact city concept
ith respect to urban sustainability
!. Conclusion
". #eferences
2. $rban sustainability
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Conclusion
% Empiricism for example/ the reduction of car mobility did not occur/ and the enormous
need for housing made urban spread in the countryside unavoidable.
% Although the compact city as initially not meant to be a blueprint for sustainability/
belief in the positive effects of this concept is idespread.
The compact city concept is most of all a spatial concept with the intention of
intensifying the use of e*isting urban space as much as possible# thereby improving the
(uality of urban life and sparing the countryside!
.ompactness as a concept for sustainability seems primarily to be a belief in asimplicity that is not there! /ence its role has been taen up by the idea of urban
sustainability!
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Outline
1. The Compact City
i. Concept
ii. Advantages and dilemmas
iii. Key factor travel behavior
i. Definition
ii. Evaluating the compact city concept
ith respect to urban sustainability
2. $rban sustainability
!. Conclusion
". #eferences
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)eferences
% Does the compact city foster sustainabilityH An empirical study in Taian I en(ia ;in/ An(Tsei
Jang Environment and &lanning = &lanning and Design/ vol. !!
% Environmental conflicts in compact cities complexity/ a decision(maing and policy approaches I
ert de #oo Environment and &lanning = &lanning and Design/ vol. 2,
% ultiagent land(use and transport model for the policy evaluation of a compact city I asanobu Kii/
Ken>i Doi Environment and &lanning = &lanning and Design vol. !2
%
;and use and travel behavior expected effects from the perspective of utility theory and activity(based theories I Kees att et al. Environment and &lanning = &lanning and Design vol. !2
% The ne urbanism an assessment of the core commercial areas/ ith perspectives from
8retail9 location and land(use theories/ and the conventional isdom( #. =anai Environment and
&lanning = &lanning and Design vol. 23
% The Compact City and