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1
Vivek Sharma University of California, San Diego
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Landscape of The Hunt Circa 2010
2
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 0 114
158 175 LEP
Tevatron
Hypothetical Higgs mass ( GeV)
Excluded mass range from direct searches :
LHC designed to search for Higgs with mass >100 GeV
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Higgs Decay Rate Vs MH
3 [GeV]HM
100 200 300 400 500 1000
Higg
s BR
+ T
otal
Unc
ert
-310
-210
-110
1
LHC
HIG
GS
XS W
G 2
011
bb
YY
cc
ttgg
LL LZ
WW
ZZ
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[Production Cross section × Decay Rate] Vs MH
4
[GeV]HM100 200 300 1000
BR
[pb]
× X
-410
-310
-210
-110
1
10
LHC
HIG
GS
XS W
G 2
012
= 8TeVs
Rl = e, YS,RS,eS = S
q = udscb
bbS± lqWH
bb-l+ lqZH b ttbqttH
-Y+Y qVBF H
-Y+Y
LL
qqS± lqWW
S-lS+ lqWW
qq-l+ lqZZ
SS-l+ lqZZ
-l+l-l+ lqZZ
Significance of a search depends on ability to trigger on event & restrict background processes that mimic Higgs signature
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Higgs Search Sensitivity: By Mass & By Mode
5
• For a given MH, sensitivity of search depends on – Production cross section – Its decay branching fraction into a chosen final state – Signal selection efficiency (including trigger) – Mass resolution (intrinsic and instrumental) – Level of SM background in same or similar final states
• In low mass range: – H γγ and H ZZ 4l play a special role due to excellent mass
resolution for the di-photon and 4-lepton final state – H WW (lν)(lν) provides high sensitivity but has poor mass
resolution due to presence of neutrinos in the final state – Sensitivity in H bbbar and H ττ channels is reduced due to large
backgrounds and poor mass resolution (jets or neutrinos) • In High mass range:
– search sensitivity dominated by H WW, ZZ in various final states
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CMS Searches
6
Most analyses updated with 8 TeV data References:https://twiki.cern.ch/twiki/bin/view/CMSPublic/PhysicsResults
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ATLAS Searches
7
July 17th, H WW (lν)(lν) mode updated with 5.8 fb-1 8 TeV data References: https://twiki.cern.ch/twiki/bin/view/AtlasPublic
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Exclusion Expectations with ≈10 fb-1 Data
8
The median expected 95% CL upper limits on the cross section ratio σ/σSM Vs MH
Similarly for ATLAS
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Discovery Expectation with ≈10 fb-1 Data
9
Median expected p-value for observing an excess at mass mH in assumption that the SM Higgs boson with that mass exists
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Blind Analyses
• To avoid unintended experimenter’s bias in search for the Higgs boson
• The analysis strategy, event selection & (re)optimization criteria for each Higgs search channel were fixed by looking at data control samples before looking at the signal sensitive region – Logistically quite painful – But the right thing to do !
10
cuts
Analyst
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Description Of Search Results • Too many modes, too little time !
– To digest & to report here coherently • Will focus on the important SM Higgs channels only • ATLAS & CMS search strategies are mostly similar
but differ in several details – Will try to provide a generic and pictorial description – Use CMS searches as an example
• Most comprehensive & updated set of searches • It’s the experiment I know best
– My apologies for the bias ! • In any case you have already seen ATLAS results (Wu) 11
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H WW(*) (l ν) (l ν) : The Workhorse
12
Higgs boson has spin = 0 Leptons spatially aligned
Poor Higgs mass resolution (20%) due to escaping neutrinos Counting experiment, look for excess over backgrounds
µ
e
MET 47 GeV
PT=32 GeV
PT= 34 GeV
Events with two energetic & isolated leptons and missing energy (due to neutrinos)
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Backgrounds In H WW (l ν) (l ν) Search • Reducible backgrounds:
– (DY) Z ll + (jets faking MET) – W l ν + (jets faling lepton) – tW and ttbar production – W+ γ(*) – WZ 3l + MET
• Irreducible background: – pp WW (l ν) (l ν)
• Non-resonant production • Challenge is to kill off as much background & measure residual
contributions using data-driven techniques and control samples 13
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pp→ tt → (bW )(bW ) :"Killed" by b-jet vetoBackgrounds Faking Signature Of Higgs Boson
14 14
µ+ 39 GeV
MET
88 GeV
b-Jet
56 GeV
b-Jet
42 GeV
µ- 35 GeV
Simulation
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Backgrounds Faking Signature Of Higgs Boson
15
µ+ 22.7 GeV
µ- 21.1 GeV
MET
6.9 GeV
DY (Z + jets) "killed” by requiring missing energy in event
Simulation
Pile up worsens MET resolution substantially, making it hard to eliminate this background Reduced sensitivity for ee,µµ channels
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W + Jets Background Faking H WW Signature
16
Missing ET = 39 GeV
Jet ET = 41GeV
Electron pT = 18 GeV
Muon pT = 56 GeV
Removed by tight lepton ID and
isolation requirement
Simulation
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W+γ*; γ*µ+ µ-
17
Missing ET = 49 GeV
Muon pT = 50 GeV
Muon pT = 20 GeV
Muon pT = 5.8 GeV
Mµµ = 0.1 GeV
Rate estimated from data
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Backgrounds Faking Signature Of Higgs Boson
18
too large ΔΦll pp→WWAn irreducible
background
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Background Alleviation Strategy
19
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Event Catagorization By Accompanying Jets • Catagorize events by jet multiplicity
– PT> 30 GeV, |η| < 4.7 • 0-jet: Most sensitive category
– For mH <130 GeV: • W+jets, DY backgrounds
dominant – eµ final state quite pure
• 1-jet: dominated by tt+tW • 2-jets: specific selections to
isolate VBF production – Δη(j1-j2)>3.5, mj1,j2>450 GeV – No central jets – Dominated by ttbar background
20
NJets
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Key Kinematic Observables • PT of leading and sub-leading leptons • Azimuthal angle difference (ΔΦll) • PT(ll) • Dilepton invariant mass ( Mll) • MT=
21 ]° [l,l
q60 50 100 150
°ev
ents
/10.
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
]° [l,l
q60 50 100 150
°ev
ents
/10.
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
HWW125 data WW *a Z/ top VZ W+jets
CMS Preliminary = 8 TeVs
-1L = 5.10 fb
]° [l,l
q60 50 100 150
°ev
ents
/10.
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
]2 [GeV/cllm0 50 100 150 200 250 300
2en
tries
/ 10
GeV
/c
020406080
100120140160180200220240
data =125 GeVH m W+jets Z+jets VV Top WW syst.⊕ stat.
CMS Preliminary-1 = 5.1 fb
int = 8 TeV, Ls
Data Driven Normalization
µ
e
MET
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Predicted Vs Observed Yield Vs Cut
µ e
MET
Digging Out Tiny Signals Over Large Backgrounds
H WW (e υ) (µυ) : 7 TeV (5 fb-1) data
22
~200 background events expect~40 Higgs events for MH=130 GeV
Higgs signal
Data
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Background Estimates • Most background estimates are obtained from
control samples established in data – W+jet background estimated from dilepton
control samples enriched in misidentified leptons
– ttbar background from samples enriched with identified b-jets
– Z+jets background by extrapolating from a narrow Z mass window
– WW background • from signal free region (mll>100 GeV for
mH < 200 GeV) • For high mass H, no signal-free region à
taken from simulation)
• Systematic uncertainties on these estimates vary from 20-60 %
23
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Compare Background Prediction and Data Yields
24
CMS 2012 : 5.1 fb-1 , Cut-based Analysis, 0-Jet catagory
Mild excess over background is observed at low mass
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H WW(*) (l ν) (l ν) Results (CMS)
25
Higgs mass [GeV]
SMσ/σ
95%
CL
limit
on
-110
1
10
210
100 200 300 400 500 600
CMS Preliminaryν 2l2→ WW →H
(7 TeV)-1 (8 TeV) + 4.9 fb-1L = 5.1 fb
median expected
σ 1± expected
σ 2± expected
observed
Expected Exclusion@ 95% CL: 122-450 GeV Observed Exclusion@95% CL: 129-520 GeV Small excess makes limits weaker than expected
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What Would a 125 GeV Higgs Signal Look Like ? • Perform toy-experiments
– Inject SM-like signal at MH=125 GeV, what excess over background-only expectation would appear ?
26
[GeV]Hm120 130 140 150 160
SMm/
m95
% C
.L. L
imit
on
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Median Expectedm 1±Expected m 2±Expected
Average Observedm 1±Observed
CMS Simulation-1 = 5.1 fb
int = 8 TeV, Ls
0/1/2 jet cut basedi2l2AWWAH=125 GeV
HSignal Injection m
[GeV]Hm120 130 140 150 160
SMm/
m95
% C
.L. L
imit
on
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Median Expected
m 1±Expected
m 2±Expected
Observed
CMS Preliminary-1 = 5.1 fb
int = 8 TeV, Ls
0/1/2 jet cut basedi2l2AWWAH
Characterizing observed excess in units of σSM Nothing terribly exciting
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• Search in range 110 < mH < 190 GeV with 2012 data.
• Analysis in 3 jet bins: 0-jet, 1-jet, at least 2 jets
• Large pile-up in 2012 results in larger fake MET compared to 2011 data
• Drell-Yan background much worse in ee, µµ final states
• So only opposite-flavor final states used in 2012 analysis (µe, eµ)
ATLAS HWW* Analysis strategy
27 7/25/12
Njets
ET miss, rel.
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• Major backgrounds determined and/or validated using data control regions (CRs)
• W+jets: fully data-driven; CR defined using loosely identified leptons
• WW: data CR defined using mll > 80 GeV, extrapolated to signal region using MC-derived scale factor
• Top: data CR defined by requiring b-tagged jet, extrapolated to signal region using MC-derived scale factor
• Z+jets: estimated from MC prediction
• Dibosons other than WW: estimated from MC prediction (validated using same-sign CR in data)
HWW* eµvv Backgrounds
0-jet WW CR
1-jet top CR
28
The transverse mass:
with
mT [GeV]
mT [GeV]
( ) 22 missT
llT
missT
llTT EpEEm +−+=
22
llllT
llT mpE +=
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mT [GeV] mT [GeV]
mT shape (after cuts on other variables) is fitted to search for signal
HWW*eµvv : MT distributions in signal region
eµ, 0-jet signal is stacked
µe, 0-jet signal is stacked
Bkg-subtracted data, 2012 only. 0/1 jets
Bkg-subtracted data, 2011 + 2012 0/1 jets
29 7/25/12 Sau Lan Wu
mT [GeV] mT [GeV]
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HWW*eµvv : Results with 2012 data
30 7/25/12 Sau Lan Wu
p0 Observed significance
Expected significance
8×10-4 3.1 σ 1.6 σ
mH = 125 GeV
2011, 2012 signal strengths compatible within 1.5σ
2012 Data
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H WW(*) (l ν) (jj)
31
• Due to large W+ jets background, this search mode is most sensitive when both W bosons are on-mass-shell ; e.g. MH ≈ 400-500 GeV • Kinematic fit allows reconstruction of (l ν) (jj) mass • W+jets suppressed using angular info in H WW decay • Search for mass peak over W+jets continnum background (hard !)
µ PT= 60 GeV
Jet1 PT= 112 GeV
Jet 2 PT= 54 GeV
MET 87 GeV
Simulation
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H WW(*) (l ν) (jj) Search Results
32
CMS: With ≈ 10 fb-1 data , exclude at 95 % CL MH
in the range [240-450] GeV
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pT##138#GeV#
pT##38#GeV#
Z#mass##92#GeV#
ΜET##228#GeV#
Higgs#transverse#mass##416#GeV#
High Mass Higgs Search Specialist: H ZZ 2l 2ν
33 2υ in final state Higgs mass not precisely measured
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H ZZ 2l 2ν
34
• Identify On-shell Z ll with MET >≈ 60 GeV • Compute Transverse mass MT: • Build two exclusive catagories:
– VBF: • search for 2 jets with Δη > 4 and Mjj>500 GeV • No central jets in between
– Everything else, subclassified by jet multiplicity • Selection optimized for different Higgs masses
– MH > 250 GeV
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H ZZ 2l 2ν
35
• Major backgrounds: Z+Jets, ttbar, WW & WZ – Large MET requirement to
suppress Z + jets by x105
– Anti b-tag to suppress ttbar
• Backgrounds estimated from data control samples – γ + jets (for Z+Jetsfake MET) – eµ sample (for ttbar +WW)
• Residual ZZ, WZ background estimate from MC
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γ+ Jets Control Sample To Estimate MET from Z+jets
36
pT##147#GeV#
γ
Jet
Reweight γ+ Jets spectrum to simulate Z + Jets spectrum
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Limits From H ZZ 2l 2ν Search
37
Observed Exclusion : 278 < MH < 600 GeV Expected Exclusion : 291 < MH < 534 GeV
Selection for MH = 400 GeV
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High Mass Higgs: H ZZ 2l 2q ( or 2b)
• Highest rate amongst all H ZZ final states • Search for a peak (σ~10 GeV) in M2l2j distribution • Events categorized by presence of 0, 1, 2 b-jets • Require 75< Mjj<105 & 70 <Mll<110 GeV • Major background: Z+jets ; ttbar suppressed by
MET requirement • Use 5 angles of scalar H ZZ 2l 2q in a
likelihood discriminant • Background shape, normalization data sideband
38
e: 177 GeV
Jet: 207 GeV
e: 114 GeV
M2l2j = 580 GeV
Jet: 114 GeV
CMS Preliminary
CMS Prelim
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High Mass Higgs: H ZZ 2l 2τ
39
Electron, pT = 22.76 GeV/c
Muon, p
T = 19.21 GeV/c
Muon, p
T = 29.11 GeV/c
Tau, pT = 33.85 GeV/c
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H ZZ 2l 2τ : Another Drop In The Bucket
40
(GeV)ττllM100 200 300 400 500
Even
ts/2
5 G
eV
0
1
2
3
4
5 DATA = 200 GeVHm = 400 GeVHm
ZZWZ/Z + jets
-1 = 7 TeV, L = 4.7 fbsCMS
(GeV)Hm200 300 400 500 600
SMσ/σ95
% C
L lim
it on
1
5
10
15
20
Observed σ 1±Expected σ 2±Expected
ττ ll→ ZZ →H
-1 = 7 TeV, L = 4.7 fbsCMS
Quite faraway from sensitivity to SM-like Higgs
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Bottomline On High Mass Higgs Searches
41 A SM-like Higgs boson excluded at 95% CL for 127 < MH < 600 GeV
Focus next on low-mass Higgs searches
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H bb • Important mode for measuring Higgs coupling to fermions • H bb production via gluon fusion and VBF are quite large but are
buried (107) under QCD production of b bbar pairs • Most promising channel is H bb production associated with a
Vector (V=W or Z) boson
• V reconstruction: W l ν, Z νν, Z ll • H bb reconstructed as two b-tagged jets recoiling against a high PT
W/Z boson – Large W/Z PT smaller background & better di-jet mass resolution
• VH analysis targets Higgs mass range 110 < MH < 135 GeV 42
[GeV]Z
pt0 50 100 150 200 250
Even
ts/ 1
0 G
eV
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.2VH(125)
VVZ + bbZ + udscg
Single Top
tt
CMS Simulation = 7 TeVs
)b)H(bµµZ(
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43
b-jet PT=210 GeV
b-jet PT=46 GeV
MET 243 GeV
Two clean b-jets Mbb = 120 GeV PT,bb = 248 GeV Recoiling against Zνν
Zνν
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Background Estimate From Control Regions • Main backgrounds are the usual suspects:
– Reducible: W/Z + jets (light and heavy flavor jets) & ttbar – Irreducible : WZ, ZZ and single top (taken from simulation)
• Background yields/shapes determined from signal-depleted control data samples using kinematic selection close to signal region
44
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Separating Signal From Backgrounds • A multivariate algorithm trained at each Higgs mass hypothesis • Variables used:
45
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Searching For Low Mass Higgs • A Higgs signal in the mass range [110-135] GeV is searched for as an
excess in MVA classifier using predicted shapes for signal & bkgnd
46
No significant excess seen over predicted background yields
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Systematic Uncertainties
47
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Limits From VH, H bb Searches
48 Approaching SM Higgs Sensitivity but no Cigar (yet) !
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Tevatron VH, H bb Searches
49 Corresponds to a global significance of 2.9σ See Kyle’s talk on Tevatron results
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H ττ : Another Low Mass Specialist • Most promising mode for measuring Higgs coupling to leptons • Searched for in three Higgs production modes
• And subsequent decay of τ lepton – τ eνν , τ µνν, τ hadrons
• Four signatures considered : eµ, µµ, eτh, µτh • Due to missing neutrinos, Higgs signal appears as a broad excess in
reconstructed τ-pair mass ( Mass resolution ≈ 20%) • Major backgrounds arise from
– ttbar – W & Z (+jets), dibosons 50
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Anatomy of the H ττ Analysis
51
[GeV]ττm0 100 200 300
Even
ts
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000 Observedτ τ → SM H(125) ×5
τ τ →ZElectroweakQCDtt
ee→Z
hτeτ = 8 TeV s, -1CMS Preliminary 2012, 5.0 fb
Sdbd Sig
e-τ
µ-τ e-µ µ-µ
Plots are pre-fit
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H ττ Search Strategy
52
Analysis divided into 5 categories based on mass resolution & S/B All categories are fit simultaneously
0 Jet, Low pT High Background
Constrains fit
1 Jet, Low pT Enhancement
from Jet Requirement
0 Jet, High pT Lepton pT
spectrum harder from H
1 Jet, High pT Enhancement
from pT and Jet requirement
VBF 2 Jets, Rapidity Gap Veto, MVA
Selection
Jets pT > 30 GeV
τh or µ pT
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Tau-Pair Mass Distributions In 0 &1 Jet Catagories
53
µ+τh 0-jet
µ+τh 1-jet
Possible Signal overwhelmed by backgrounds !
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VBF (2jets) Category Has Best S/N
54
µ PT =20 GeV
Jet2 ET =46 GeV
Visible Mass(ττ) = 75 GeV
Mass ( jj ) = 580 GeV
Δη (jj) = 3.5
Missing ET = 97 GeV
Jet1 ET = 177 GeV
τ → π+π0 ν
τ PT = 70 GeV
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Yields & Expectations in VBF Catagory
55
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Background & Expected Signal in VBF Catagory
56
No significant excess over expected backgrounds
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Limits From H ττ Search
57 Expected exclusion @ MH = 125 : 1.3 σSM Observed exclusion @ MH = 125 : 1.1 σSM
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Improvement In H ττ Sensitivity In Just 1 Year
58
ATLAS & CMS sensitivities similar Look forward to more data this year
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Tomorrow: High Mass Resolution Modes
59
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Quantifying Excesses & Deficits: Cartoon
60
( without Higgs)
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Quantifying Higgs Search Result: An Illustration
61