Download - Visual Order 9/22
figure/ground
similarityproximityclosurecontinuance
translationrotationreflectionglide/reflectiondilation
symmetric balanceasymmetric balanceambiguous balanceneutral balance
Gestalt is a pysochological term that means “uni-fied whole”. The human eye naturally organizes visual elements into groups. German psyocholo-gists developed this visual perception theory in the 1920’s to better describe why and how things are aesthetically pleasing.
principles of grouping
Gestalt Laws of Grouping
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Sim
ilarity- O
bjects that resemble one another are often percieved as a group.
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Closure- A
n incomplete object is identified as a w
hole when the view
er’s eye completes m
issing information.
UUU
U
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AA
AAAAAA
AA
AAAA
AAAAAAA
AAA AA AA
AA
AAAA
A A
AAA A
AA
A A
AA
AAAAAA
AA
AAAA
AAAAAAA
AAA AA AA
AA
AAAA
A A
AAA A
AA
A A
AA
AAAAAA
AA
AAAA
AAAAAAA
AAA AA AA
AA
AAAA
A A
AAA A
AA
A A
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Contin
uance- Figures tend to be integrated into perceptual w
holes when in alignm
ent and implying a m
utual direction.
first proposed by Gestalt psychologists to account for the observation that humans naturally perceive objects as or-ganized patterns and objects. Gestalt psychologists argued that these principles exist because the mind has an innate disposition to perceive patterns in the stimulus based on certain rules.
symmetric operations
symmetry
In this section, the correspondence betweenelements on the picture plane are observed. The viewer’s eye is directed and moves across theimage in relation to the alignment of the objects.
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Translation- The figure is m
apped out into equal linear points of correspondence
LLL
L
LL
L
LLL
LLL
LLLL
LL L
LLLLL
LL
LL
LLL L
LL L
LL L
LL
LLL
LLL
LLL
LL
L LL
L L L L L
L L L LLL L L L L
LLL
L
LL
L
LLL
LLL
LLLL
LL L
LLLLL
LL
LL
LLL L
LL L
LL L
LL
LLL
LLL
LLL
LL
L LL
L L L L L
L L L LLL L L L L
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Rotation- T
he figure is turned on a predetermined point. A
ll elements are at a fixed distance from
the axis.
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Reflection- T
he figure is rotated on the plane 180 degrees. The result is a m
irrored image.
RRRRRRR
R
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Dilation- A
n element changes in size at regular intervals
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Balance is characterized by the distribution of elements within a composition. The relationship between forms on the picture plane are percieved based on the natural equilibrium in the human body. Forms can be placed to direct the eye and communicate the mes-sage to the viewer.
compositional balance
Balance
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Symm
etrical Balance- C
omposition is balanced w
ith elements relating to the sam
e central axis. r rr
rrr
rr
rr
rrr
r
r rr
rrr
rr
rr
rrr
r
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11111
1
11
11
1
1
1
11111
11 1
1
1 111
111111111
11111111
1
11 1
1
1 111
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1
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Am
biguous Balance- C
ompostion contains elem
ents that posess an unclear relationship and balance. 44
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