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Visual Analysis of Concept Change and Information Diffusion
Chaomei Chen, Drexel University
Plenary Speech at InSciT2006. Merida, Spain. October 26, 2006
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• How often do we need to answer thesethese questions?
– (as a scientist, a scholar, an evaluator, a policy maker, a doctoral student, a librarian, etc.)
• What tools are available for such needs?• How effective are they?
Understanding the Structure, the Growth, and Spread of Information and Knowledge
1. What is the hottest topic at time T0?
2. What have been the hot topics between time Ta and Tb? (A Timeline - Temporal)
3. What are the major turning points between time Ta and Tb? (Turning points - Structural)
4. How did knowledge associated with these turning points spread? (Diffusion - Spatial)
5. How can we differentiate various perspectives and views based on a large volume of inputs? (Sense-Making - Semantics)
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A quick CiteSpace demoTopic: Terrorism
Time span: 1996-20031.1. What is the most studied topic in What is the most studied topic in
the area of the area of TERRORISM TERRORISM RESEARCHRESEARCH??
2.2. What topic was predominant What topic was predominant before this one?before this one?
3.3. What What EVENT/WORKEVENT/WORK caused the caused the shift of focus?shift of focus?
4.4. What is the intellectual path that What is the intellectual path that underlined such a transition?underlined such a transition?
Q1: Current hot Q1: Current hot topic?topic?
Q2: Previous Q2: Previous hot topic?hot topic?
Q3: Turning Q3: Turning point?point?
Q4: Transition Q4: Transition path?path?
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CiteSpace WebStart
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Finding Tipping Points
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A: Mass Extinctions
Q1: Current Q1: Current hot topic?hot topic?
Q2: Previous Q2: Previous hot topic?hot topic?
Q3: Turning Q3: Turning point?point?
Q4: Transition Q4: Transition path?path?
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Q1: Current Q1: Current hot topic?hot topic?
Q2: Previous Q2: Previous hot topic?hot topic?
Q3: Turning Q3: Turning point?point?
Q4: Transition Q4: Transition path?path?
B: Terrorism
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Structural and Temporal Analysis of Scientific Literature
• Emerging themes
• Intellectual turning points
before … after!
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Paradigm Shift• Normative
– Citations reflect intellectual values.
• Recentness– Citations register new concepts and new
associations.
turning point
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Expected Patterns• Thematic grouping
• Intellectual turning points
• Thematic change over time
• Abrupt changes associated with triggers
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Why Scientists Cite? • Normative View
– Citations are made because of the intellectual values of cited works.
– They should not be affected by social and cultural characteristics such as race, gender, or academic rank.
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Cluster View
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Timezone View
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Users from 36 Countries Download 2+ (9/13/2004-8/23/2006)
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Users from 14 Countries WebStart It 30+ (9/13/2004-8/23/2006)
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Timelines
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NameVoyager
http://babynamewizard.com/namevoyager/lnv0105.html
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ThemeRiver
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History FlowStudying cooperation and conflict between authors with history flow
visualizations http://www.research.ibm.com/visual/projects/history_flow/index.htm
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The Dynamics of Scientific Knowledge
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Spatial and Conceptual Diffusion
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http://www.fao.org/ag/againfo/foto/EMPRES_Watch_global_flyways.gif
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Geospatial patterns of terrorist eventsGeospatial patterns of terrorist events
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Geospatial patterns of relevant researchGeospatial patterns of relevant research
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http://repositories.cdlib.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1037&context=imbs/socdyn/sdeas
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The Role of Turning Points in Evolution and … Diffusion
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The Impact of a Pivotal PointThe Impact of a Pivotal Point
GaleaGalea, S. et al. (2002), S. et al. (2002)How does the citations to this paper spread
geographically?
http://cluster.cis.drexel.edu/~cchen/talks/inscit2006/GLEA_M.kml
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2006USA
2005USAUSA
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Citers to Galea et al. (2002)Citers to Galea et al. (2002)
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2006Europe
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The Spread of Knowledge
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The Spread of Knowledge
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An animation of botox research http://www.pages.drexel.edu/~cc345/video/citation_land_local.avi
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What influences the diffusion process? Making Sense of Emergent Social Phenomena
• Amazon• Blogmarks • CiteULike• Del.ici.us • … • Wikepedia
• Emotional and Sentimental Analysis• Information Diffusion Through Blogspace
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Differentiating Conflicting Views1,738 positive reviews (=4, 5)918 negative reviews (=1, 2)
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Positive Reviews
Negative Reviews
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customercustomerreviewsreviews
amazon.comamazon.com
web servicesweb services
TermWatchTermWatch
LT chunker
extract terms
identify term variations
cluster terms
Predictive Text AnalysisPredictive Text Analysis
POS tagging
term extraction
term selection
predictive models
Data CollectionData Collection Text AnalysisText Analysis Visual InspectionVisual Inspection
term variation term variation graphgraph
decision decision treestrees
coordinated coordinated viewsviews
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Term Variations
• Head substitutionage-old religious secret age-old religious mystery
• Expansionaction thriller perfect suspense action thriller
amusing speculation amusing speculation collection
roller coaster electrifying roller coaster ride
• Associationmind-binding puzzle 5-star entertainment
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TermWatch
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3,068 Customer 3,068 Customer ReviewsReviews
The Da Vinci Code (Amazon Sales Rank: 7)
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Making Sense of Concept Change
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2001-20032001-2003
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GALEA 2002
WoS: 149 Citations (as of 3/21/2006 within the terrorism data set)
WoS: 292 Citations (as of 10/22/2006)
Google Scholar: 308 Citations (as of 10/22/2006)
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Emergency PreparednessConcrete Structure
Case StudiesBiological WarfareRisk Assessment
Survey AssessmentGlobal Justice
Biological WeaponHealth CareAmerica’s WarThe RoleMilitary StrategyMany voiceChemical Weapon
2005-20062002-2003
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Concluding Remarks• Understanding the dynamics of scientific knowledge and
emergent societal information is an increasingly common need across a wide range of domains.
• We need to understand the process itself better in order to build more effective tools.
• We need to take a holistic approach to address these issues from societal as well as individual perspectives.
• We need a critical and sustained mass to achieve this ambitious and challenging mission.
• This is a potential broad-impact area for making real changes to the way we work with large amounts of information.
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Acknowledgements• NSF IIS Award #0612129
– SEI: Coordinated Visualization and Analysis of Sky Survey Data and Astronomical Literature
• National Visualization and Analytics Center (NVAC)– Northeast Visualization and
Analytics Center (NEVAC)– Knowledge-enabled Visual
Analytics: Supporting Individuals and Terms from Analysis through Action
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Backgound ReadingsHandout of this Presentation:Chen, C. (2006) CiteSpace
II: Detecting and visualizing emerging trends and transient patterns in scientific literature. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 57(3), 359-377.
Chen, C. (2004) Searching for intellectual turning points: Progressive Knowledge Domain Visualization. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS), 101 (Suppl. 1), 5303-5310
Chen, C. (2004) Information Visualization: Beyond the Horizon. Springer. 2nd ed. ISBN: 1-85233-789-3.
Chen, C. (2003) Mapping Scientific Frontiers: The Quest for Knowledge Visualization. Springer. ISBN: 1-85233-494-0.