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Visual_orderVisual_order
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figure/ground
similarityproximityclosurecontinuance
translationrotationreflectionglide/reflectiondilation
symmetric balanceasymmetric balanceambiguous balanceneutral balance
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Gestalt is a pysochological term that means “unified whole”. The human eye naturally organizes visual elements into groups. German psyochologists developed this visual perception theory in the 1920’s to better describe why and how things are aestheti-cally pleasing.
principles of grouping
Gestalt Laws of Grouping
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VVVV
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Figure/Gro
und
- Com
position is identified by figure and background
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Sim
ilarity- Objects that resem
ble one another are often percieved as a group
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Proxim
ity- Elem
ents in close range are identified as a set
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Closu
re- An incom
plete object is identified as a whole w
hen the viewer’s eye com
pletes missing inform
ation
UUU
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AAA AA AA
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A A
AAA A
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A A
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AAA AA AA
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A A
AAA A
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A A
AAA A
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Co
ntinuan
ce- Figures tend to be integrated into perceptual wholes w
hen aligned and implying a m
utual direction
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SS
symmetry
In this section, the correspondence betweenelements on the picture plane are observed. The viewer’s eye is directed and moves across theimage in relation to the alignment of the objects.
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Translatio
n- T
he figure is mapped out into equal linear points of correspondence
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L L L LLL L L L L
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OOOOOO
OO
OOOOO
OOOOOO
OO
OOOOO
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Ro
tation
- The figure is turned on a predeterm
ined point. All elem
ents are at a fixed distance from the axis
OO
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Reflectio
n- T
he figure is rotated on the plane 180 degrees. The result is a m
irrored image
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Glide R
eflection
- Figure is rotated from the plane 180 degrees, gliding into a new
position
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Dilatio
n- A
n element changes in size at regular intervals
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BB
Balance is characterized by the distribution of elements within a composition. The relationship between forms on the picture plane are percieved based on the natural equilibrium in the human body. Forms can be placed to direct the eye and communicate the mes-sage to the viewer.
compositional balance
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Symm
etrical Balan
ce- Com
position is balanced with elem
ents relating to the same central axis. r r
r
rrr
rr
rr
rrr
r
r rr
rrr
rr
rr
rrr
r
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Asym
metric B
alance- Form
s are placed irregularly in relation to a central axis.
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Am
biguous B
alance- C
ompostion contains elem
ents that posess an unclear relationship and balance. 44
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Neutral B
alance- Elem
ents are placed at random creating a com
postition that lacks emphasis
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desn
200 in the graphic design program
at the kcai—m
ichael kidwell, assistant professor.
Kristen R. Ashton
Visual_order