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Viscoelastic DampingMohammad Tawfik
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Viscoelastic Damping
Classical Models
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Objectives
• Recognize the nature of viscoelastic material
• Understand the damping models of viscoelastic material
• Dynamics of structures with viscoelastic material
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What is Viscoelastic Material?
• Materials that Exhibit, both, viscous and elastic characteristics.
• The material may be modeled in many different ways. Classical models include:– Mawxell Model– Kalvin-Voight Model
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Maxwell Model
• The Maxwell model describes the material as a viscous damper in series with an elastic stiffness.
• When stress is applied, it is uniform through the element.
• The strain may be written as:
ε=ε s+εd
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Stress-Strain Relation
• The stress is equal in both elements and is given by the relation:
• From which we may write:
• Or:
σ=E s ε s=Cd ε̇d
ε s=σE s, εd=∫
σCddt
ε=σE s
+∫σCddt ∧ ε̇=
σ̇E s
+σC d
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Three Main Characteristics
• CreepStrain changing with time for the same stress
• RelaxationStress changing with time for constant strain
• Storage and Loss ModuliEffective modulus of elasticity in response to
frequency excitation
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Maxwell Model Characteristics
• Creep:– For constant stress, we get:
– Which gives:
• Which indicates that the strain will grow to an unbound value as time increases!
ε̇=σ̇E s⏟zero
+σCd
ε=σCdt
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Maxwell Model Characteristics
• Relaxation:– For constant strain, we get:
– Which gives:
• Which means that the stress will decrease as time grows for the same strain
0=σ̇Es
+σCd
σ=σ 0e−tE
s/Cd
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Maxwell Model Characteristics
• Storage and Loss Factors:– For harmonic stress:– Which drives the strain
harmonically:– Giving:
j ωεo=( jωE s +1Cd )σ o
σ=σ 0ejωt
ε=ε 0ejωt
σ o=E sCd jω
E s+ jωC dεo
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Maxwell Model Characteristics
σ o=Cd 2E sω
2+E
s2C d jω
Es2+ω2C
d 2
εo
σ o=(Cd 2Esω
2
Es2+ω
2Cd2
+ jEs2Cd ω
Es2+ω
2Cd2 )εo
σ o=E' (1+ jη ) εo
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Storage and Loss Moduli
• The stress strain relation of the viscoelastic material appears to contain a complex modulus of elasticity!
• The real part is called the storage modulus
• The imaginary part is called the loss modulus
• And their ratio is called the loss factor
σ o=E' (1+ jη ) εo
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Frequency Dependent Behavior
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0 2 4 6 8 10
Frequency
Modulus E
u
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Notes on the Maxwell Model
• Under static loading, the stiffness, storage modulus is zero, and the loss factor is infinity!
• For very high frequencies, the loss factor becomes zero!
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Kalvin-Voigt Model
• The Kalvin-Voigt model describes the material as a viscous damper in parallel with an elastic stiffness.
• When stress is applied, it is distributed through the elements.
• The stress strain relation may be written as:
σ=σ s+σ d
σ=E sε s+C d ε̇d
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Kalvin-Voigt Model Characteristics
• Creep:– For constant stress, we get:
• Which indicates that the strain will grow to a constant value as time increases!
ε=σEs
(1−e−E s t /C d)
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Kalvin-Voigt Model Characteristics
• Relaxation:– For constant strain, we get:
• Which means that the stress will stay constant as time grows for the same strain!
σ=E sε 0
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Creep Relaxation Summary
Maxwell Kalvin-Voigt
Creep Bad Good
Relaxation Good Bad
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Kalvin-Voigt Model Characteristics
• Storage and Loss Factors:– For harmonic stress:– Which drives the strain
harmonically:– Giving:
σ=(E s+ jωC d ) εo
σ=σ 0ejωt
ε=ε 0ejωt
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Frequency Dependent Behavior
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
0 2 4 6 8 10
Frequency
Mo
du
lus
E
u
![Page 20: Viscoelastic Damping: Classical Models](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052218/554c6bb3b4c905f76f8b4dfb/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
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Notes on the Kalvin-Voigt Model
• Under all loading, storage modulus is equal to the stiffness of the spring, and the loss factor is zero.
• For very high frequencies, the loss factor becomes grows unbound!
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Assignment
• Study the creep, relaxation, and frequency response characteristics of the Zener model shown in the following sketch