Download - Virtual Reality in Experimental Psychology
![Page 1: Virtual Reality in Experimental Psychology](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021918/589f8d8f1a28ab1b198b4bf5/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Virtual Reality inExperimental
Psychology
Richard SouthernNational Centre for Computer Animation
Bournemouth University
R. Southern (NCCA) VR in Exp. Psych. January 9, 2013 1 / 48
![Page 2: Virtual Reality in Experimental Psychology](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021918/589f8d8f1a28ab1b198b4bf5/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
What is Virtual Reality?
R. Southern (NCCA) VR in Exp. Psych. January 9, 2013 2 / 48
![Page 3: Virtual Reality in Experimental Psychology](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021918/589f8d8f1a28ab1b198b4bf5/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Virtual Reality in a nutshell
Secrets of useful Virtual RealityIllusion of place: ”I feel like I am in a different location”
Illusion of plausibility: ”This location and the events that aretaking place therein are real”
Build your own!Head mounted displays
Stereo projectors + shutter glasses
Head trackers / motion capture
A flexible game engine
R. Southern (NCCA) VR in Exp. Psych. January 9, 2013 3 / 48
![Page 4: Virtual Reality in Experimental Psychology](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021918/589f8d8f1a28ab1b198b4bf5/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Experimental Social Psychology
Evaluate social phenomena throughexperimentation
Helps to understand societal factors,e.g. public order
Example: Why do people justifysmoking with irrational statements?cognitive dissonance
R. Southern (NCCA) VR in Exp. Psych. January 9, 2013 4 / 48
![Page 5: Virtual Reality in Experimental Psychology](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021918/589f8d8f1a28ab1b198b4bf5/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
This Talk
1 When and why does reality fail?
2 Why does virtual reality succeed?
3 The Bystander Effect
4 Experimental Design
5 Experimental Results
6 Factors Affecting Outcomes
R. Southern (NCCA) VR in Exp. Psych. January 9, 2013 5 / 48
![Page 6: Virtual Reality in Experimental Psychology](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021918/589f8d8f1a28ab1b198b4bf5/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Section 1
When and why does reality fail?
R. Southern (NCCA) VR in Exp. Psych. January 9, 2013 6 / 48
![Page 7: Virtual Reality in Experimental Psychology](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021918/589f8d8f1a28ab1b198b4bf5/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Experimental Psychology
Milgram experiment
Why is it that people can be persuaded to carry outatrocious acts at the behest of authority, acts that areagainst their own moral principles? (Stanley Milgram)
R. Southern (NCCA) VR in Exp. Psych. January 9, 2013 7 / 48
![Page 8: Virtual Reality in Experimental Psychology](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021918/589f8d8f1a28ab1b198b4bf5/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Experimental Psychology
Ethical problemsDistressing - participants are exposed to distressing or violentsituations. This is ok if these are naturally occuringcircumstances.
“Inflicted insight” — participants find something out aboutthemselves that may be hurtful.
Deception — participants must be not be aware of the actualexperiment goals otherwise results will change.
R. Southern (NCCA) VR in Exp. Psych. January 9, 2013 8 / 48
![Page 9: Virtual Reality in Experimental Psychology](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021918/589f8d8f1a28ab1b198b4bf5/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Getting Realistic Responses
Realistic responses are difficult to assessIn violent situations, there is no percieved danger.
Everyone says they will stop the fight in this experiment.
R. Southern (NCCA) VR in Exp. Psych. January 9, 2013 9 / 48
![Page 10: Virtual Reality in Experimental Psychology](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021918/589f8d8f1a28ab1b198b4bf5/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Getting Realistic Responses
Realistic responses are difficult to assessIn violent situations, there is no percieved danger.
Everyone says they will stop the fight in this experiment.
R. Southern (NCCA) VR in Exp. Psych. January 9, 2013 9 / 48
![Page 11: Virtual Reality in Experimental Psychology](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021918/589f8d8f1a28ab1b198b4bf5/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Experimental Psychology
Other problemsReproducability: when employing actors, the experiment isalways slightly different
Measurements: difficult to get physiological measurements inuncontrolled environments
R. Southern (NCCA) VR in Exp. Psych. January 9, 2013 10 / 48
![Page 12: Virtual Reality in Experimental Psychology](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021918/589f8d8f1a28ab1b198b4bf5/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Section 2
Why does virtual reality succeed?
R. Southern (NCCA) VR in Exp. Psych. January 9, 2013 11 / 48
![Page 13: Virtual Reality in Experimental Psychology](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021918/589f8d8f1a28ab1b198b4bf5/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Pit Experiment
One of the earliest experiments in VR. Often repeated.
Participants feel anxiety when they have to navigate around avirtual pit.
Anxiety greatly increase when you add virtual feet and castshadows.
R. Southern (NCCA) VR in Exp. Psych. January 9, 2013 12 / 48
![Page 14: Virtual Reality in Experimental Psychology](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021918/589f8d8f1a28ab1b198b4bf5/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Fear of Public Speaking
Participants present to a virtual audience in three conditions:neutral, attentive, disruptive.Results were very conclusive. Responses were realistic.
R. Southern (NCCA) VR in Exp. Psych. January 9, 2013 13 / 48
![Page 15: Virtual Reality in Experimental Psychology](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021918/589f8d8f1a28ab1b198b4bf5/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Treatment
Virtual Reality (graded) Exposure Therapy (VRET) — gradualexposure to stressful circumstances (public spaces, heights etc.)Patients benefit from an unobtrusive and unthreateningrehabilitation environment.In recent research, games more effective than anti–depressantsfor post-traumatic stress disorder (but both are worse thanexercise).
R. Southern (NCCA) VR in Exp. Psych. January 9, 2013 14 / 48
![Page 16: Virtual Reality in Experimental Psychology](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021918/589f8d8f1a28ab1b198b4bf5/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Virtual Milgram Experiment
UCL group created a Virtual Reality reproduction of famousexperiment.
Participant responses correspond to original experiment.
But were aware that it is not realR. Southern (NCCA) VR in Exp. Psych. January 9, 2013 15 / 48
![Page 17: Virtual Reality in Experimental Psychology](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021918/589f8d8f1a28ab1b198b4bf5/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Experimental evidence
Participants respond realistically, while knowing itis not real
R. Southern (NCCA) VR in Exp. Psych. January 9, 2013 16 / 48
![Page 18: Virtual Reality in Experimental Psychology](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021918/589f8d8f1a28ab1b198b4bf5/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Section 3
The Bystander Effect
R. Southern (NCCA) VR in Exp. Psych. January 9, 2013 17 / 48
![Page 19: Virtual Reality in Experimental Psychology](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021918/589f8d8f1a28ab1b198b4bf5/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Origins
Brutal rape and murder of Kitty Genovese.
For more than half an hour thirty-eight respectable,law-abiding citizens in Queens watched a killer stalk andstab a woman in three separate attacks in KewGardens. (New York Times, 27 March 1964)
Kitty Genovese Winston MoseleyR. Southern (NCCA) VR in Exp. Psych. January 9, 2013 18 / 48
![Page 20: Virtual Reality in Experimental Psychology](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021918/589f8d8f1a28ab1b198b4bf5/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Bystander Effect
The number of witnesses is inversely proportionalto the likelihood of intervention
Early bystander experiments (telephone, smoke)
Some affectors:I Type of incidentI Group membershipI Age of witnesses
R. Southern (NCCA) VR in Exp. Psych. January 9, 2013 19 / 48
![Page 21: Virtual Reality in Experimental Psychology](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021918/589f8d8f1a28ab1b198b4bf5/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Bystander Effect
Possible CausesLoss of individuality — Mob mentality: easier to do whatothers do than think for yourself.
Diffusion of responsibility — Responsibility distributedamongst the bystanders.
Larger likelihood of authority figure — The larger thecrowd, the higher likelihood that there is someone betterqualified to intervene.
Pluralistic ignorance — You look to what others do beforedeciding your strategy.
Not noticing
Possible StrategyIsolate an individual — Refer to them by name.
R. Southern (NCCA) VR in Exp. Psych. January 9, 2013 20 / 48
![Page 22: Virtual Reality in Experimental Psychology](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021918/589f8d8f1a28ab1b198b4bf5/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Social Grouping
Good samaritan experimentParticipants are all Manchester United fans.
Priming used to associate them with ManU or England footballspirit.
Participants told to hurry to neighbouring building.
On the way, a football supporter trips over in front of them.
Shirt is either Manchester United, Liverpool or Plain.
R. Southern (NCCA) VR in Exp. Psych. January 9, 2013 21 / 48
![Page 23: Virtual Reality in Experimental Psychology](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021918/589f8d8f1a28ab1b198b4bf5/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Social Grouping
Good samaritan experimentParticipants are all Manchester United fans.
Priming used to associate them with ManU or England footballspirit.
Participants told to hurry to neighbouring building.
On the way, a football supporter trips over in front of them.
Shirt is either Manchester United, Liverpool or Plain.
R. Southern (NCCA) VR in Exp. Psych. January 9, 2013 21 / 48
![Page 24: Virtual Reality in Experimental Psychology](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021918/589f8d8f1a28ab1b198b4bf5/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Social Grouping
Actor shirt Participants who helpedManU Fan Identity Football Identity
ManU 92% 80%Liverpool 30% 70%
Plain 33% 22%
R. Southern (NCCA) VR in Exp. Psych. January 9, 2013 22 / 48
![Page 25: Virtual Reality in Experimental Psychology](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021918/589f8d8f1a28ab1b198b4bf5/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Social Grouping
Intervention experimentParticipants watch CCTV of neighbouring room containing twofootball fans from rival clubs.
A fight breaks out in other room. Do participants intervene?
Identity of participants and size of group manipulated.
Experiment repeated with gender factors.
R. Southern (NCCA) VR in Exp. Psych. January 9, 2013 23 / 48
![Page 26: Virtual Reality in Experimental Psychology](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021918/589f8d8f1a28ab1b198b4bf5/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Social Grouping
Intervention experimentParticipants watch CCTV of neighbouring room containing twofootball fans from rival clubs.
A fight breaks out in other room. Do participants intervene?
Identity of participants and size of group manipulated.
Experiment repeated with gender factors.
R. Southern (NCCA) VR in Exp. Psych. January 9, 2013 23 / 48
![Page 27: Virtual Reality in Experimental Psychology](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021918/589f8d8f1a28ab1b198b4bf5/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Social Grouping
Effects of “Groupiness”Group identity enhanced by priming
Bystander effect may be inversed when group identity is shared.
Intervention increases when bystander shares a social group witheither the victim or the perpetrator.
R. Southern (NCCA) VR in Exp. Psych. January 9, 2013 24 / 48
![Page 28: Virtual Reality in Experimental Psychology](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021918/589f8d8f1a28ab1b198b4bf5/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Who wants to know?
R. Southern (NCCA) VR in Exp. Psych. January 9, 2013 25 / 48
![Page 29: Virtual Reality in Experimental Psychology](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021918/589f8d8f1a28ab1b198b4bf5/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Section 4
Experimental Design
R. Southern (NCCA) VR in Exp. Psych. January 9, 2013 26 / 48
![Page 30: Virtual Reality in Experimental Psychology](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021918/589f8d8f1a28ab1b198b4bf5/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Research Questions
Evaluating the following factors on intervention:social identity — all participants are Arsenal football fans.
eye contact — victim occasionally looks at participant.
(group size)
(model / animation fidelity)
R. Southern (NCCA) VR in Exp. Psych. January 9, 2013 27 / 48
![Page 31: Virtual Reality in Experimental Psychology](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021918/589f8d8f1a28ab1b198b4bf5/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Basic Experiment
Participant Victim Aggressor
P enters an empty bar virtual environment.
V walks into a bar.
V starts conversation with P. Dialog establishes social identityof V.
A enters bar during conversation.
A starts confrontation with V.
MeasurementsWhen and how does P intervene? (Video Analysis)
Questionnaire
R. Southern (NCCA) VR in Exp. Psych. January 9, 2013 28 / 48
![Page 32: Virtual Reality in Experimental Psychology](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021918/589f8d8f1a28ab1b198b4bf5/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Experiment Platform
EquipmentVR system at University College London
3m3 space
4 stereo projected walls
Stereo shutter glasses
Head tracker
R. Southern (NCCA) VR in Exp. Psych. January 9, 2013 29 / 48
![Page 33: Virtual Reality in Experimental Psychology](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021918/589f8d8f1a28ab1b198b4bf5/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Experiment Platform
EquipmentVR system at University College London
3m3 space
4 stereo projected walls
Stereo shutter glasses
Head tracker
R. Southern (NCCA) VR in Exp. Psych. January 9, 2013 29 / 48
![Page 34: Virtual Reality in Experimental Psychology](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021918/589f8d8f1a28ab1b198b4bf5/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Experiment Preparation
Model PreparationTurntable images captured of BU staff and students.
Converted to virtual form by animator.
R. Southern (NCCA) VR in Exp. Psych. January 9, 2013 30 / 48
![Page 35: Virtual Reality in Experimental Psychology](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021918/589f8d8f1a28ab1b198b4bf5/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Experiment Preparation
Animation captureStandard motion capture system
Retargeted to characters
R. Southern (NCCA) VR in Exp. Psych. January 9, 2013 31 / 48
![Page 36: Virtual Reality in Experimental Psychology](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021918/589f8d8f1a28ab1b198b4bf5/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Experiment Preparation
Software EngineBehavior model forvirtual characters
Interface to controldialog and events
No AI, motionsynthesis
R. Southern (NCCA) VR in Exp. Psych. January 9, 2013 32 / 48
![Page 37: Virtual Reality in Experimental Psychology](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021918/589f8d8f1a28ab1b198b4bf5/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Section 5
Experimental Results
R. Southern (NCCA) VR in Exp. Psych. January 9, 2013 33 / 48
![Page 38: Virtual Reality in Experimental Psychology](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021918/589f8d8f1a28ab1b198b4bf5/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Running Experiment
R. Southern (NCCA) VR in Exp. Psych. January 9, 2013 34 / 48
![Page 39: Virtual Reality in Experimental Psychology](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021918/589f8d8f1a28ab1b198b4bf5/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Experimental Findings
R. Southern (NCCA) VR in Exp. Psych. January 9, 2013 35 / 48
![Page 40: Virtual Reality in Experimental Psychology](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021918/589f8d8f1a28ab1b198b4bf5/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Experimental Findings
About 48 participants
Participants significantly more likely to intervene in the in–groupcondition.
Victim looking at participant increased interventions only inin–group condition.
In–group more likely to have confrontation intervention.
Out–group more likely to try diffuse situation with verbalintervention.
R. Southern (NCCA) VR in Exp. Psych. January 9, 2013 36 / 48
![Page 41: Virtual Reality in Experimental Psychology](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021918/589f8d8f1a28ab1b198b4bf5/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Experimental Findings
R. Southern (NCCA) VR in Exp. Psych. January 9, 2013 37 / 48
![Page 42: Virtual Reality in Experimental Psychology](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021918/589f8d8f1a28ab1b198b4bf5/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Example Comments
I felt like I would like to stop it (the confrontation)myself, basically back up the person that I was speaking toArsenal about, protect him.
I knew it was VR, and I’m quite surprise how so angrymade me feel, the other guy, ... I got to the point that Iwanted touch him physically or pushing away I felt a bitfrustrated I couldn’t.
Very similar feelings as in real life: flustered, panic,helpless and wanting to resolve the situation and notknowing how.
R. Southern (NCCA) VR in Exp. Psych. January 9, 2013 38 / 48
![Page 43: Virtual Reality in Experimental Psychology](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021918/589f8d8f1a28ab1b198b4bf5/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Experimental Feedback
R. Southern (NCCA) VR in Exp. Psych. January 9, 2013 39 / 48
![Page 44: Virtual Reality in Experimental Psychology](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021918/589f8d8f1a28ab1b198b4bf5/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Other concerns
Participants frustrated by lack of interactivity.
Some felt scenario was not realistic:I too aggressive / not aggressive enoughI unlikely event in a London pubI no other peopleI quality of rendering
R. Southern (NCCA) VR in Exp. Psych. January 9, 2013 40 / 48
![Page 45: Virtual Reality in Experimental Psychology](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021918/589f8d8f1a28ab1b198b4bf5/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Take Home Message
The key to tackling the so called “walk–on–by” societylies in using the power of group identification to promotesocial solidarity — and to persuade and empower bystandersto intervene, in situations where this is considered by theauthorities to be appropriate. (Mel Slater)
R. Southern (NCCA) VR in Exp. Psych. January 9, 2013 41 / 48
![Page 46: Virtual Reality in Experimental Psychology](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021918/589f8d8f1a28ab1b198b4bf5/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Section 6
Factors Affecting Outcomes
R. Southern (NCCA) VR in Exp. Psych. January 9, 2013 42 / 48
![Page 47: Virtual Reality in Experimental Psychology](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021918/589f8d8f1a28ab1b198b4bf5/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
R. Southern (NCCA) VR in Exp. Psych. January 9, 2013 43 / 48
![Page 48: Virtual Reality in Experimental Psychology](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021918/589f8d8f1a28ab1b198b4bf5/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Uncanny Valley: Model Fidelity
Recent experiment compared responses to rendering styles
Users liked high quality and cartoon styles
R. Southern (NCCA) VR in Exp. Psych. January 9, 2013 44 / 48
![Page 49: Virtual Reality in Experimental Psychology](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021918/589f8d8f1a28ab1b198b4bf5/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Uncanny Valley: Animation Fidelity
State of the artRockstar games LA Noire
48 camera rig captures high quality facial animation
Too expensive for us to use!
R. Southern (NCCA) VR in Exp. Psych. January 9, 2013 45 / 48
![Page 50: Virtual Reality in Experimental Psychology](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021918/589f8d8f1a28ab1b198b4bf5/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Uncanny Valley: Animation Fidelity
State of the artRockstar games LA Noire
48 camera rig captures high quality facial animation
Too expensive for us to use!
R. Southern (NCCA) VR in Exp. Psych. January 9, 2013 45 / 48
![Page 51: Virtual Reality in Experimental Psychology](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021918/589f8d8f1a28ab1b198b4bf5/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Experimental Equipment
Measurement DevicesSkin conductance and ECG areunreliable and difficult to analyse
Video analysis is time consuming andexpensive
fMRI limits range of movement
Cheap brain scans? e.g. Emotiv
R. Southern (NCCA) VR in Exp. Psych. January 9, 2013 46 / 48
![Page 52: Virtual Reality in Experimental Psychology](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021918/589f8d8f1a28ab1b198b4bf5/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Reinforcement Learning
Traditional experiments are validating an existing model(hypothesis) through experimentation.
Can you design the experiment so the model is learned frommany participants?
R. Southern (NCCA) VR in Exp. Psych. January 9, 2013 47 / 48
![Page 53: Virtual Reality in Experimental Psychology](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021918/589f8d8f1a28ab1b198b4bf5/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Questions?
R. Southern (NCCA) VR in Exp. Psych. January 9, 2013 48 / 48