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ViroidsViroids
Lyndsay MurrowBMS 265
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NomenclatureNomenclature
Viroid = “virus- like”
Adapted from Flores R et al (1998) Arch Virol 143, 623-629.
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1974: Confirmation that viroids are non-coding
1973: Electron micrograph shows viroid’s hairpin structure
DiscoveryDiscoveryEarly 1960s: Raymer and O’Brien develop a bioassay for the agent causing potato spindle tuber disease
1965: Raymer teams up with Diener; they show that agent is not a typical virion
1971: Diener demonstrates that the agent is a free non-coding RNA, coins the term viroid
1968: Characterization of chrysanthemum stunt and citrus exocortis as non-typical viruses
1978: PSTVd is sequenced
1976: EM shows that viroids form closed circular RNAs
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Example MembersExample MembersGenus Pospiviroids:PSTVd (potato spindle tuber)
Genus Hostuviroids:HSVd (hop stunt)
Genus Cocadviroids:CCCVd (coconut cadang-cadang)
Genus Apscaviroids:ASSVd (apple scar skin)
Genus Coleviroids:CbVd 1 (coleus blumei 1)
Genus Avsunviroids:ASBVd (avocado sunblotch)
Genus Pelamoviroids:PLMVd (peach latent mosaic)
Pospiviroidae: Nuclear, CCR, no hammerhead self-cleavage
Avsunviroidae: Chloroplastic, no CCR, hammerhead self-cleavage
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Evolution and ConservationEvolution and Conservation
Diener TO (1996) Virus Genes 11, 119-131.William G. Scott
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BiogenesisBiogenesis
Adapted from Daròs J et al (2006) EMBO Reports 7, 593-598.
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Cellular Functions (Pathogenicity)Cellular Functions (Pathogenicity)
Pray LA (2004) The Scientist 18, 23.
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Mechanism of ActionMechanism of Action
Martick M and Scott WG (2006) SSRL Research Highlight 11, 119-131. http://ssrl.slac.stanford.edu/research/highlights_archive/ribozyme.html http://rnaworld.bio.ku.edu
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Potential as a ToolPotential as a Tool
Citti L and Rainaldi G (2005) Curr Gene Ther 5, 11-24.