Zephyr(Surry TMC)
Zebulon(BellSouth)
Yanceyville(Central)
Yadkinville(Central)
Wrightsville Beach(BellSouth)
Woodville(Carolina)
Woodland(Carolina)
Winton(Carolina)
Winston-Salem(BellSouth)
Wingate(Windstream)
Windsor(Carolina)
Wilson(Carolina)
Wilmington(BellSouth)
Williamston(Carolina)
Whiteville(Carolina)
White Oak(Star TMC)
Whitakers(Carolina)
Whispering Pines(Carolina)
Westfield(Surry TMC)
West Jefferson(Central)
West End(Central)
Wendell(BellSouth)
Weldon(Carolina)
Welcome(Lexcom)
Welch(Carolina) Weeksville
(Carolina)
Weaverville(Verizon)
Waynesville(BellSouth)
Waxhaw(Windstream)
Waves(Carolina)
Waterville(BellSouth)
Watauga(Skyline TMC)
Washington(Carolina)
Warsaw(Carolina)
Warrenton(Carolina)
Walnut Cove(Central)
Wallace(Carolina)
Walkertown(Central)
Wake Forest(Carolina)
Wagram(Windstream)
Wadesboro(Windstream)
Virgilina(Central)
Vass(Carolina)
Vanceboro(Carolina)
Valdese(Central)
Union Grove(Yadkin Valley TMC)
Tryon(Windstream)
Troy(Central)
Troutman(BellSouth)
Trenton(Carolina)
Topsail Island(Carolina)
Timberlake(Central)
Thomasville(North State)
Taylorsville(BellSouth)
Tarboro(Carolina)
Tabor City(Carolina)
Sylva(Verizon)
Swansboro(Carolina)
Swannanoa(BellSouth)
Swan Quarter(Carolina)
Sunbury(Carolina)
Summerfield(BellSouth)
Suit(Verizon)
Sugar Grove(Skyline TMC)
Stony Point(BellSouth)
Stoneville(Central)
Statesville(BellSouth)
State Road(Central)
Stantonsburg(Carolina)
Stanleyville(Windstream)
Stanley(BellSouth)
Spruce Pine(BellSouth)
Spring Hope(Carolina)
Sparta(Skyline TMC)
Southport(BellSouth)
Southmont(Lexcom)
Southern Pines(Carolina)
South River(Star TMC)
South Mills(Carolina)
South Crowders Creek(BellSouth)
Snow Hill(Carolina)
Sneads Ferry(Carolina)
Smithfield(Carolina)
Six Run(Star TMC)
Siler City(Carolina)
Sidney(Tri-County TMC)
Shoals(Surry TMC)
Shiloh(Carolina)
Sherrills Ford(Central)
Shelby(BellSouth)
Shallotte(Atlantic TMC)
Sevier(Verizon)
Selma(BellSouth)
Seaside(Atlantic TMC)
Seagrove(Central)
Seaboard(Carolina)
Scottville(Skyline TMC)
Scotts Hill(BellSouth)
Scotland Neck(Carolina)
Saxapahaw(BellSouth)
Sanford(Windstream)
Sandy Ridge(Central)
Saluda(Saluda Mountain)
Salisbury(BellSouth)
Saint Pauls(Carolina)
Rutherfordton(BellSouth)
Rural Hall(Windstream)
Ruffin(BellSouth)
Roxobel(Carolina)
Roxboro(Central)
Rowland(BellSouth)
Roseboro(Carolina)
Rose Hill(Carolina)
Rocky Mount(Carolina)
Rockingham(BellSouth)
Robersonville(Carolina)
Robbinsville(Verizon) Robbins
(Carolina)
Roaring Gap(Central)
Roanoke Rapids(Carolina)
Richlands(Carolina)
Rich Square(Carolina)
Reidsville(BellSouth)
Reeds(Surry TMC)
Red Springs(Carolina)
Red Brush(Surry TMC)
Randleman(North State)
Ramseur(Central)
Raleigh(BellSouth)
Raeford(Carolina)
Quaker Gap(Central)
Prospect Hill(Central)
Princeton(Carolina)
Pollocksville(Carolina)
Plymouth(Carolina)
Pittsboro(Carolina)
Pisgah(Randolph TMC)
Pink Hill(Carolina)
Piney Woods(Carolina)
Pineville(Pineville)
Pinetown(Tri-County TMC)
Pinetops(Carolina)
Pinehurst(Carolina)
Pine Bluff(Windstream)
Pilot Mountain(Central)
Pike Road(Tri-County TMC)
Pembroke(BellSouth)
Peachland-Polkton(Windstream)
Parkton(Carolina)
Oxford(Carolina)
Oriental(Carolina)
Olivia(Verizon)
Old Town(Windstream)
Old Fort(Verizon)
Ocracoke(Carolina)
Oakboro(Windstream Concord)
Norwood(Windstream)
North Wilkesboro(Central)
Norlina(Carolina)
Newton Grove(Carolina)
Newton(BellSouth)
Newport(Carolina)
Newland(BellSouth)
New Salem(Windstream)
New London(Windstream Concord)
New Hope(Yadkin Valley TMC)
New Bern(Carolina)
Nathans Creek(Skyline TMC)
Nashville(Carolina)
Murphy(Verizon)
Murfreesboro(Carolina)
Mulberry(Central)
Moyock(Carolina)
Mountain View(Central)
Mount Pleasant(Windstream Concord)
Mount Olive(BellSouth)
Mount Holly(BellSouth)
Mount Gilead(Central)
Mount Airy(Central)
Moss Hill(Carolina)
Morven(BellSouth)
Morganton(BellSouth)
Morehead City(Carolina)
Mooresville(Windstream)
Monticello(BellSouth)
Monroe(Verizon)
Mocksville(Central)
Milton(Mebtel)
Micaville(Verizon)
Mebane(Mebtel)
Maysville(Carolina)
Maxton(Carolina)
Matthews(Windstream)
Marshville(Windstream)
Marshallburg(Carolina)
Marshall(Verizon)
Mars Hill(Verizon)
Marion(Verizon)
Manteo(Carolina)
Mamie(Carolina)
Maiden(BellSouth)
Maggie Valley(BellSouth)
Madison(Central)
Lumberton(BellSouth)
Lucama(Carolina)
Lowell(BellSouth)
Louisburg(Carolina)
Longwood(Atlantic TMC)
Long Beach(BellSouth)
Lomax(Wilkes TMC)
Locust(BellSouth)
Littleton(Carolina)
Lisbon(Star TMC)
Lincolnton(BellSouth)
Lillington(Carolina)
Lilesville(Windstream)
Liberty (Cherokee)(BellSouth)
Liberty(Randolph)
Lexington(Lexcom)
Lewisville(Windstream)
Lewiston(Carolina)
Level Cross(Surry TMC)
Lenoir(BellSouth)
Leicester(BellSouth)
Lawndale(BellSouth)
Laurinburg(BellSouth)
Laurel Hill(BellSouth)
Lattimore(BellSouth)
Lansing(Skyline TMC)
Lake Waccamaw(Carolina)
Lake Lure(BellSouth)
La Grange(Carolina)
Knotts Island(Verizon)
Knightdale(BellSouth)
Kinston(Carolina)
Kings Mountain(BellSouth)
King(Windstream)
Kimesville(BellSouth)
Kill Devil Hills(Carolina)
Kernersville(Carolina)
Kenly(Carolina)
Kenansville(Carolina)
Kelly(Star TMC)
Kannapolis(Windstream Concord)
Julian(BellSouth)
Jacksonville(Carolina)
Jackson Creek(Randolph TMC)
Jackson(Carolina)
Indian Trail(Windstream)
Ijames(Yadkin Valley TMC)
Huntersville(BellSouth)
Hot Springs(Verizon)
Holly Ridge(Carolina)
Holden Beach(Atlantic TMC)
Hillsborough(Central)
Hildebran(Central)
Highlands(Verizon)
Highfalls(Randolph TMC)
High Point(North State)
Hickory(Central)
Hertford(Carolina)
Herring(Star TMC)
Hendersonville(BellSouth)
Henderson(Carolina)
Hemby Bridge(Windstream)
Hays(Central)
Hayesville(Verizon)
Havelock(Carolina)
Harrisburg(Windstream Concord)
Harrells(Star TMC)
Harmony(Yadkin Valley TMC)
Hamlet(BellSouth)
Hamilton(Carolina)
Halifax(Carolina)
Guntertown(Verizon)
Grover(BellSouth)
Grifton(Carolina)
Greenville(Carolina)
Greensboro(BellSouth)
Green Creek(Windstream)
Grantham(BellSouth)
Granite Quarry-Rockwell(Windstream)
Granite Falls(Central)
Goose Creek(Verizon)
Goldston(Carolina)
Goldsboro(BellSouth)
Glenwood-Providence(Verizon)
Glade Creek(Skyline TMC)
Gibsonville(Carolina)
Gibson(BellSouth)
Gatewood(Mebtel) Gatesville
(Carolina)
Gastonia(BellSouth)
Garland(Carolina)
Garden City(Verizon)
Fuquay-Varina(Carolina)
Fremont(Carolina)
Franklinton(Carolina)
Franklin(Verizon)
Four Oaks(Carolina)
Fountain(Carolina)
Forest City(BellSouth)
Forbush(Yadkin Valley TMC)
Fontana(Verizon)
Fayetteville(Carolina)
Farmville(Carolina)
Farmer(Randolph TMC)
Faison(Carolina)
Fairview(BellSouth)
Fairmont(BellSouth)
Fair Bluff(Service)
Enka-Candler(BellSouth)
Engelhard(Carolina)
Enfield(Carolina)
Elm City(Carolina)
Ellerbe(Ellerbe)
Ellenboro(BellSouth)
Elkin(Central)
Elizabethtown(Carolina)
Elizabeth City(Carolina)
Edenton(Carolina)
Eden(Central)
East Bend(Yadkin Valley TMC)
Durham(Verizon)
Dunn(Carolina)
Dobson(Central)
Dillard-Mountain City(Windstream Georgia)
Denver(BellSouth)
Denton(Windstream)
Davidson(BellSouth)
Danbury(Central)
Cypress Creek(Star TMC)
Cullowhee(Verizon)
Creswell(Carolina)
Creston(Skyline TMC)
Creedmoor(Verizon)
Courtney(Yadkin Valley TMC)
Cooleemee(Yadkin Valley TMC)
Conway(Carolina)
Concord(Windstream Concord)
Columbus(Windstream)
Columbia(Carolina)
Coleridge(Randolph TMC)
Colerain(Carolina)
Coinjock(Carolina)
Coharie(Star TMC)
Clyde(BellSouth)
Clinton(Carolina)
Clingman(Wilkes TMC)
Cleveland(BellSouth)
Clayton(Carolina)
Clarkton(Carolina)
Claremont(BellSouth)
Churchland(Surry TMC)
China Grove-Landis(Windstream Concord)
Cherryville(BellSouth)
Cherokee(Verizon)
Charlotte(BellSouth)
Chapel Hill(BellSouth)
Champion(Wilkes TMC)
Chadbourn(Carolina)
Catawba(Central)
Castle Hayne(BellSouth)
Cashiers(Verizon)
Cary(BellSouth)
Carthage(Carolina)
Carolina Beach(BellSouth)
Caroleen(BellSouth)
Canton(BellSouth)
Candor(Central)
Buxton(Carolina)
Burnsville(Verizon)
Burlington(BellSouth)
Burgaw(BellSouth)
Bryson City(Verizon)
Brooks(Yadkin Valley TMC)
Broadway(Windstream)
Brevard(Citizens)
Boonville(Central)Boone
(BellSouth)
Boomer(Wilkes TMC)
Bonlee(Carolina)
Bolivia(Atlantic TMC)
Boiling Spring Lakes(Atlantic TMC)
Blowing Rock(BellSouth)
Bladenboro(Carolina)
Black Ridge(Buggs Island TMC)
Black Mountain(BellSouth)
Biscoe(Central)
Beulaville(Carolina)
Beulah(Surry TMC)
Bethlehem(Central)
Bethel(Carolina)
Bessemer City(BellSouth)
Benson(Carolina)
Bennett(Randolph TMC)
Belmont(BellSouth)
Belhaven(Carolina)
Beech Mountain(Skyline TMC)
Beaufort(Carolina)
Bayboro(Carolina)
Bath(Carolina)
Barnardsville(Barnardsville)
Banner Elk(Skyline TMC)
Baldwin(Skyline TMC)
Bakersville(Verizon)
Bailey(Carolina)
Badin Lake(Randolph TMC)
Badin(Windstream Concord)
Ayden(Carolina)
Aurora(Carolina)
Aulander(Carolina)
Atlantic(Carolina)
Atkinson(BellSouth)
Asheville(BellSouth)
Asheboro(Central)
Arden(BellSouth)
Apex(BellSouth)
Ansonville(Windstream)
Angier(Carolina)
Andrews(Verizon)
Anderson(BellSouth)
Altan(Verizon)
Albemarle(Windstream Concord)
Ahoskie(Carolina)
Advance(Yadkin Valley TMC)
Acme(BellSouth)
Aberdeen(Windstream)
Abbottsburg(Star TMC)
B R U N S W I C K
NEWHANOVER
C O L U M B U S
P E N D E R
B L A D E N
R O B E S O N
O N S L O WS C O T L A N D
R I C H M O N D
D U P L I N
H O K E
A N S O N
U N I O N
C A R T E R E T
J O N E S
C L A Y
C U M B E R L A N D
SA M PS ON
PA M L I C O
C H E R O K E E
M A C O N C R AV E N
L E N O I R
G A S T O NP O L K
T R A N S Y L V A N I A
S T A N L Y M O N T G O M E R Y M O O R E
C A B A R R U S
M E C K L E N B U R G
H E N D E R S O NG R A H A M
H A R N E T T
L I N C O L N
J A C K S O NW A Y N E
C L E V E L A N D
L E E
R U T H E R F O R D
G R E E N E
H Y D E
B E A U F O R T
S W A I NJ O H N S T O N
P I T T
C A T A W B AH A Y W O O D
B U N C O M B E
W I L S O NR O W A N
C H A T H A M
R A N D O L P H
MCDOWELL
DAVIDSON
B U R K EW A S H I N G T O N
A L E X A N D E R
D AV I E
I R E D E L LW A K E
M A R T I N
M A D I S O N T Y R R E L LY A N C E Y
C A L D W E L L
E D G E C O M B E
M I T C H E L LN A S H
D U R H A M
O R A N G E
A L A M A N C E
G U I L F O R D B E R T I EF R A N K L I NF O R S Y T H
D A R E
YADKIN
A V E R YCHOWAN
P E R Q U I M A N S
W A T A U G A
W I L K E S
H A L I F A XPASQUOTANK
P E R S O NC A S W E L L
G R A N V I L L E
V A N C ER O C K I N G H A M
W A R R E NS T O K E S
NORTHAMPTON
H E R T F O R D
G A T E SS U R R Y
C A M D E N
C U R R I T U C KA L L E G H A N YA S H E
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
8
8
9
9
10
10
11
11
12
12
13
13
E E
D D
C C
B B
A A
AAbbottsburg, D9Aberdeen, C8Acme, E9Advance, B6Ahoskie, A11Albemarle, C7Altan, D6Anderson, A8Andrews, C2Angier, C9Ansonville, C7Apex, B8Arden, C3Asheboro, B7Asheville, B3Atkinson, D9Atlantic, C12Aulander, A11Aurora, C11Ayden, C10BBadin Lake, C7Badin, C7Bailey, B9Bakersville, A4Baldwin, A5Banner Elk, A4Barnardsville, B3Bath, C11Bayboro, C11Beaufort, D12Beech Mountain, A4
Belhaven, B12Belmont, C5Bennett, B7Benson, C9Bessemer City, C5Bethel, B11Bethlehem, B5Beulah, A6Beulaville, D10Biscoe, C7Black Mountain, B4Black Ridge, A10Bladenboro, D9Blowing Rock, A4Boiling Spring Lakes, E10Bolivia, E9Bonlee, B8Boomer, B5Boone, A5Boonville, A6Brevard, C3Broadway, C8Brooks, A6Bryson City, B2Burgaw, D10Burlington, A8Burnsville, B4Buxton, C13CCandor, C7Canton, C3Caroleen, C4Carolina Beach, E10
Carthage, C8Cary, B8Cashiers, C2Castle Hayne, D10Catawba, B5Chadbourn, E8Champion, A5Chapel Hill, B8Charlotte, C6Cherokee, B2Cherryville, C5China Grove-Landis, B6Churchland, B6Claremont, B5Clarkton, D9Clayton, B9Cleveland, B6Clingman, A5Clinton, C9Clyde, B3Coharie, C9Coinjock, A13Colerain, A11Coleridge, B7Columbia, B12Columbus, C4Concord, C6Conway, A11Cooleemee, B6Courtney, B6Creedmoor, A9Creston, A5Creswell, B12
Cullowhee, C2Cypress Creek, D9DDanbury, A7Davidson, C6Denton, B7Denver, B5Dillard-Mountain City, C2Dobson, A6Dunn, C9Durham, B8EEast Bend, A6Eden, A7Edenton, B12Elizabeth City, A12Elizabethtown, D9Elkin, A6Ellenboro, C4Ellerbe, C7Elm City, B10Enfield, A10Engelhard, B12Enka-Candler, B3FFair Bluff, E8Fairmont, D8Fairview, B3Faison, C9Farmer, B7Farmville, B10Fayetteville, C8Fontana, B1
Forbush, A6Forest City, C4Fountain, B10Four Oaks, C9Franklin, C2Franklinton, A9Fremont, B10Fuquay-Varina, B8GGarden City, B4Garland, D9Gastonia, C5Gatesville, A11Gatewood, A8Gibson, D7Gibsonville, B7Glade Creek, A5Glenwood-Providence, B4Goldsboro, C10Goldston, B8Goose Creek, C6Granite Falls, B5Granite Quarry-Rockwell, B6Grantham, C9Green Creek, C4Greensboro, B7Greenville, B11Grifton, C10Grover, C5Guntertown, B3HHalifax, A10Hamilton, B11
Hamlet, D7Harmony, B6Harrells, D9Harrisburg, C6Havelock, D11Hayesville, C2Hays, A5Hemby Bridge, C6Henderson, A9Hendersonville, C3Herring, C9Hertford, A12Hickory, B5High Point, B7Highfalls, C7Highlands, C2Hildebran, B5Hillsborough, A8Holden Beach, E9Holly Ridge, D10Hot Springs, B3Huntersville, C6IIjames, B6Indian Trail, C6JJackson Creek, B7Jackson, A10Jacksonville, D10Julian, B7KKannapolis, C6Kelly, D9
Kenansville, C10Kenly, B9Kernersville, A7Kill Devil Hills, B13Kimesville, B7King, A6Kings Mountain, C5Kinston, C10Knightdale, B9Knotts Island, A12LLa Grange, C10Lake Lure, C4Lake Waccamaw, E9Lansing, A5Lattimore, C4Laurel Hill, D7Laurinburg, D8Lawndale, C5Leicester, B3Lenoir, B5Level Cross, A6Lewiston, A11Lewisville, A6Lexington, B6Liberty (Cherokee), C1Liberty, B7Lilesville, C7Lillington, C8Lincolnton, C5Lisbon, D9Littleton, A10Locust, C6
Lomax, A5Long Beach, E9Longwood, E9Louisburg, A9Lowell, C5Lucama, B10Lumberton, D8MMadison, A7Maggie Valley, B2Maiden, B5Mamie, A13Manteo, B13Marion, B4Mars Hill, B3Marshall, B3Marshallburg, D12Marshville, C6Matthews, C6Maxton, D8Maysville, D11Mebane, B8Micaville, B4Milton, A8Mocksville, B6Monroe, C6Monticello, A7Mooresville, B6Morehead City, D11Morganton, B4Morven, D7Moss Hill, C10Mount Airy, A6
Mount Gilead, C7Mount Holly, C5Mount Olive, C10Mount Pleasant, C6Mountain View, B5Moyock, A12Mulberry, A5Murfreesboro, A11Murphy, C1NNashville, B10Nathans Creek, A5New Bern, C11New Hope, B5New London, C6New Salem, C6Newland, B4Newport, D11Newton Grove, C9Newton, B5Norlina, A9North Wilkesboro, A5Norwood, C7OOakboro, C6Ocracoke, C13Old Fort, B4Old Town, A6Olivia, C8Oriental, C11Oxford, A9PParkton, D8
Peachland-Polkton, C6Pembroke, D8Pike Road, B12Pilot Mountain, A6Pine Bluff, C8Pinehurst, C8Pinetops, B10Pinetown, B11Pineville, C6Piney Woods, A12Pink Hill, C10Pisgah, B7Pittsboro, B8Plymouth, B11Pollocksville, C11Princeton, C9Prospect Hill, A8QQuaker Gap, A6RRaeford, C8Raleigh, B9Ramseur, B7Randleman, B7Red Brush, A6Red Springs, D8Reeds, B6Reidsville, A7Rich Square, A11Richlands, D10Roanoke Rapids, A10Roaring Gap, A5Robbins, C7
Robbinsville, C1Robersonville, B11Rockingham, C7Rocky Mount, B10Rose Hill, D10Roseboro, C9Rowland, D8Roxboro, A8Roxobel, A11Ruffin, A7Rural Hall, A6Rutherfordton, C4SSaint Pauls, D8Salisbury, B6Saluda, C4Sandy Ridge, A7Sanford, C8Saxapahaw, B8Scotland Neck, A10Scotts Hill, E10Scottville, A5Seaboard, A10Seagrove, B7Seaside, E9Selma, B9Sevier, B4Shallotte, E9Shelby, C5Sherrills Ford, B5Shiloh, A12Shoals, A6Sidney, C11
Siler City, B8Six Run, C9Smithfield, C9Sneads Ferry, D10Snow Hill, C10South Crowders Creek, C5South Mills, A12South River, C9Southern Pines, C8Southmont, B6Southport, E10Sparta, A5Spring Hope, B9Spruce Pine, B4Stanley, C5Stanleyville, A6Stantonsburg, B10State Road, A6Statesville, B6Stoneville, A7Stony Point, B5Sugar Grove, A4Suit, C1Summerfield, A7Sunbury, A12Swan Quarter, C12Swannanoa, B3Swansboro, D11Sylva, C2TTabor City, E9Tarboro, B10Taylorsville, B5
Thomasville, B7Timberlake, A8Topsail Island, D10Trenton, C10Troutman, B6Troy, C7Tryon, C4UUnion Grove, B6VValdese, B5Vanceboro, C11Vass, C8Virgilina, A9WWadesboro, C7Wagram, D8Wake Forest, B9Walkertown, A7Wallace, D10Walnut Cove, A7Warrenton, A9Warsaw, C10Washington, B11Watauga, A4Waterville, B2Waves, B13Waxhaw, D6Waynesville, B3Weaverville, B3Weeksville, A12Welch, A11Welcome, B6
Weldon, A10Wendell, B9West End, C7West Jefferson, A5Westfield, A6Whispering Pines, C8Whitakers, A10White Oak, D9Whiteville, E9Williamston, B11Wilmington, E10Wilson, B10Windsor, B11Wingate, C6Winston-Salem, B6Winton, A11Woodland, A11Woodville, A12Wrightsville Beach,E10YYadkinville, A6Yanceyville, A8ZZebulon, B9Zephyr, A6
INDEX OF NORTH CAROLINA EXCHANGES
SOUTH CAROLINAGEORGIA
TENNESSEE
VIRGINIA
0 20 4010Miles
Exchange BoundaryCounty BoundaryAtlantic Telephone Membership CorporationBarnardsville Telephone CompanyBellSouth Telecommunications, Inc.Buggs Island Telephone Membership CorporationCarolina Telephone and Telegraph CompanyCentral Telephone CompanyCitizens Telephone CompanyEllerbe Telephone CompanyLexcom Telephone CompanyMebtel, Inc.North State Telephone CompanyPineville Telephone CompanyRandolph Telephone Company
Randolph Telephone Membership CorporationSaluda Mountain Telephone CompanyService Telephone CompanySkyline Telephone Membership CorporationStar Telephone Membership CorporationSurry Telephone Membership CorporationTri-County Telephone Membership CorporationVerizon South, Inc.Wilkes Telephone Membership CorporationWindstream Concord Telephone, Inc.Windstream Georgia, Inc.Windstream North Carolina, Inc.Yadkin Valley Telephone Membership Corporation
NORTH CAROLINATELEPHONE EXCHANGE SERVICE AREA MAP
Disclaimer: This is an enhanced representation of the exchange boundaries as shown on theofficial Exchange Service Area Maps on file with the North Carolina Utilities Commission. Thedata presented on the map are provided without any guarantee of accuracy or completeness. Ifyou find any information that should be corrected, please send your request to the Public Staff.
Public Staff, Communications DivisionMarch 9, 2009
LEGEND
