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Geospatial Analysis of Stroke Mortality & Hospitalization:Hospitalization:
An Overview Using Health Outcome DataESRI Health Conference, Denver
T d O t b 19 2010Tuesday, October 19, 2010
Virginia Network for Geospatial Health ResearchSteve SedlockSteve Sedlock
Ken Studer, PhDRexford Anson-Dwamena
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Place MattersPlace Matters
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Abraham Verghese: Urbs in Rure
Verghese, A., S. Berk, and F. Sarubbi. 1989. Urbs in Rure: HIV infections in rural Tennessee. Journal of Infectious Diseases 160(6): 1051-1055.
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Types of Spatial AnalysisTypes of Spatial Analysis1.Traditional GIS
A Query and displayA. Query and displayB. BufferingC. OverlayC. Overlay
2.Spatial StatisticsA. Hot spot analysisB. Spatial pattern analysisC S ti l R iC. Spatial Regression
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Multilevel Spatial Analysis: Social Determinants of Health & NeighborhoodDeterminants of Health & Neighborhood
Effects
From: After To: BesideFrom: After To: Beside
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AggregationLow Education in Virginia
gg eg o
County Level
Census Tract Level
Source: United States Department of Agriculture: Economic Research Service, 2004 County Typologies;Census 2000, SF3-PCT25.
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US ~ Stroke Hospitalization RatesPop Ages 65+ Medicare Beneficiaries 2000 2006Pop Ages 65+, Medicare Beneficiaries, 2000-2006
Source: http://apps.nccd.cdc.gov/giscvh2/Results.aspx
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Distribution of Health Care Providers
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HotSpot Analysis & Scan Statistics
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Examining Spatial PatternsExamining Spatial Patterns• Hot Spot Analysis Getis Ord Gi*Hot Spot Analysis Getis Ord Gi
– Used to identify clusters of features with values significantly higher or lower than thevalues significantly higher or lower than the overall study area mean
– Z score is calculatedZ score is calculated• High Z = hot spot (surrounded by other high Z)• Low z = cold spot (surrounded by other low Z)
ESRI, “Understanding Spatial Statistics in ArcGIS.” Transcript, 2006
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Low RR High RR
AIS Relative Risk
TIA Relative Risk
Stroke Mortality Relative Risk
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Spatial AnalysisSpatial Analysis
Regression
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Analytic Select Variables
• Dependent Variable• Independent (exploratory)
variables yProcess
Variables
E lExplore Spatial
Patterns
• Histogram• Scatter Plot Matrix• Spatial Autocorrelation• Hot Spot Analysisp y
R i• Ordinary Least
SquaresRegression Analysis
Squares Regression
• Geographically Weighted Regression
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Ordinary Least Squares Regression (OLS)(OLS)
• Global regression techniqueGlobal regression technique• Single equation to represent overall
relationship between variablesrelationship between variables• OLS will indicate spatially significant
l t i blexplanatory variables• Remove non-significant variables, explore
other explanatory variables• Run several iterations of OLS
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Ordinary Least Squares Regression (OLS)(OLS)
• Six (6) diagnostic indicatorsSix (6) diagnostic indicators– Coefficients have the expected sign
Check for redundancy (VIF>7 5)– Check for redundancy (VIF>7.5)– Coefficients are statistical significance
Residual are normally distributed– Residual are normally distributed– AIC & Adjusted R-Squared values
R l ti hi th d t– Relationships across the area do not vary significantly
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Contact Information:• Steve Sedlock
dl k@ [email protected]
Vi i i N t k f G ti l H lth R h IVirginia Network for Geospatial Health Research, Inc.PO Box 15818Ri h d VA 23227Richmond, VA 23227804.264.3325