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Vineyard Site Preparation
by
Thomas J. ZabadalMSU Southwest Michigan Research
and Extension CenterBenton Harbor, MI
© Thomas J. Zabadal, 2014
Vineyard Site Preparation
Part 1 – Vineyard Design
I. Decide what area to plant to vines.
• Row orientation– North to south preferred for sunlight
interception
– Topography can alter the decision
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I. Decide what area to plant to vines.
• Row orientation– North to south preferred for sunlight
interception
– Topography can alter the decision
– Field dimensions can alter the decision
I. Decide what area to plant to vines.
• Row lengthNo limit with regard to engineering
Limitations due to efficiency of access
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I. Decide what area to plant to vines.
• Row width– Functional height of trellis should not
be less than a 1:1 ratio with width of the
row.
Larry Mawby showing the group his vineyard.
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8-foot tall trellises of Cabernet franc at the MSU Southwest Michigan Research & Extension Center.
leaf remov shenry animat
A schematic drawing of a grapevine utilizing the Scott Henry Training System
I. Decide what area to plant to vines.
• Headlands – 30 foot minimum
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I. Decide what area to plant to vines.
• Headlands – 30 foot minimum
• Alleyways – 25 foot minimum
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I. Decide what area to plant to vines.
• Headlands – 30 foot minimum
• Alleyways – 25 foot minimum
• Access roads
I. Decide what area to plant to vines.
• Headlands – 30 foot minimum
• Alleyways – 25 foot minimum
• Access roads
• Special needs
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Vineyard Site Preparation
Part 2 – Remove Obstacles
hedges or wooded areas below a vineyard prevent cold air from draining downhill
hedges or woods upslope from vineyard block cold air from entering a vineyard
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hedges or woods upslope from vineyard block cold air from entering a vineyard
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Vineyard Site PreparationPart 3 – Modification of
Topography
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Vineyard Site Preparation
Part 4 - Modification of Soil Internal Drainage
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Fig. V-2
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Photo courtesy of Gene Sigel
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Photo courtesy of Gene Sigel
“Berms” under trellis in extremely wet areas.
Vineyard Site PreparationPart 5 – Modification of Soil
Chemistry
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Vineyard Soil Chemistry
There are two fundamental reasons for obtaining a soil test prior to planting grapevines:
(1)Determine soil pH for possible modification
(2)Determine soil potassium level for possible modification
Soil Chemistry for Vineyards
• Grapevines grow well over a middle range of soil pH from 5.5 to 7.0
• Soil pH values above and below that range can be a problem.
• Optimum soil pH values depend on the varieties being grown.
Vineyard pH Target Rangesfor new vineyard plantings
Variety Type Desired Soil pH
Native 5.0 to 5.5
Hybrid 6.0 to 6.5
vinifera 6.5 to 7.0
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*rates based on calcium carbonate equivalent.
3.04.05.0Loam
2.03.04.0Sandy loam
1.52.53.0Loamy sand
1.02.02.5Sand
5.04.54.0
Initial pH
Soil type
Table 1. Lime (tons/acre) required to raise soil pH to 6.0.*
Soil Potassium Level
If soil potassium is below 200 lbs/acre,
apply potassium fertilizer by banding it
along vine rows after planting according
to the following table.
1 To convert to lb/acre, multiply by 2.
0 120
50100
9080
12560
17540
20020
Recommendedlb K2O/acre
Soil test(ppm )1
Table 2. Preplant K recommendations for vineyards.
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Soil Chemistry for Vineyards
• Any adjustments to soil pH should be done before planting.
• Any adjustments to soil potassium (potash) levels should be done after planting.
• Other nutrients to include magnesium, manganese, iron and boron are occasionally deficient in Michigan vineyards but they are of minor concern almost all the time.
Vineyard Site Preparation
Part 6 – Weed Control
Weed control is at the top of the list of
vineyard site preparation tasks.
Remove all woody perennials
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Vineyard Site Preparation
Part 6 – Weed Control
Herbaceous Perennials
Fall application of glyphosate
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Quackgrass in corn field in early spring
Vineyard Site Preparation
Part 6 – Weed Control
Annuals
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THE INFLUENCE OF COVER CROPS ON VINEYARD SITE PREPARATION
“ROUNDUP RESISTANT” SOYBEANS
WEEDY CONTROL TREATMENT
THE INFLUENCE OF COVER CROPS ON VINEYARD SITE PREPARATION
“ROUNDUP RESISTANT” SOYBEANS
WEEDY CONTROL TREATMENT
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Michigan StateUniversity
WEEDY CONTROL TREATMENT
SOYBEAN TREATMENT
SNAPSHOT(SURFLAN + GALLERY)WAS APPLIED IN A BAND AROUND NIAGARA VINESAT THE TIME OF PLANTING
WEEDY CONTROL TREATMENT
October 12, 2010
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Field Violet (Viola arvensis) is a winter annual
Vineyard Site PreparationPart 7 – Control of
Nematodes
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What do nematodes do to grapevines?
(1) Transmit virus diseasesTomato ringspot virus
Tobacco ringspot virus
What do nematodes do to grapevines?
(1) Transmit virus diseasesTomato ringspot virus
Tobacco ringspot virus
(2) Feed on grapevine roots
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Statements about nematodes and grapevines
• (1) Nematode infestations can be devastating to grapevines. When problems occur it is most often a matter of weakened, small, low-yielding vines.
Sometimes nematodes lead to death of vines.
Statements about nematodes and grapevines
(2) Several viticultural regions pay little or
no attention to nematode problems in grapevines and most vineyards don’t seem to suffer from that neglect.
There are occasional exceptions!
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Statements about nematodes and grapevines
(3) Fallowing sites for two or more years with grass cover crops (sudan or sudex preferred) can reduce risks of nematode
problems.
Statements about nematodes and grapevines
(4) When a site is infested with root-knot nematode, fumigation will be ineffective, there is no possibility of eradication, but cover cropping can help.
Root-knot nematode does not “travel” on a site.
Statements about nematodes and grapevines
(5) There are many nematode-resistant rootstocks most of which have not been evaluated under Michigan conditions.
Rootstock 5C has performed well at SWMREC.
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Statements about nematodes and grapevines
(6) Be especially concerned about a vineyard site that has been previously cropped with a perennial crop (orchard or vineyard) and has exhibited areas of weak plant growth.
Statements about nematodes and grapevines
(7) If there is a reason to take a nematode sample for analysis, do so before the current perennial crop is removed because the sample must be taken with roots and soil immediately adjacent to the roots.
Statements about nematodes and grapevines
(8) Movento, a relatively new insectidide, offers a new strategy for controlling nematodes in new and existing vineyards.
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Vineyard Site Preparation
Part 8 – Irrigation for a New Vineyard
Is irrigation needed in a new Michigan vineyard?
Michigan Precipitation
+/- 32 inches per year
rather evenly divided year round
actually somewhat less in winter
~ 50% probability of ~3” rain each
month of the growing season
0
0.5
1
1.5
Weed Control NO NO YES YES
Nitrogen
Fertilizer NO YES NO YES
Irrigation NO YES
PruningSeverity S L S L S L S L S L S L S L S L
Fig. 4. Weight of cane prunings for 'Niagara' grapevines after two growing seasons. Vines subjected to combinations of weed control under the trellis, nitrogen fertilization, irrigation and pruning severity. Mean separation according to Fisher's test for least significance. P 0.05. LSD = 0.22.
NO YES NO YES NO YES
Treatment Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
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THE START OF THE SECOND GROWING SEASON IN A NEW NIAGARA VINEYARD – 6/18/91
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Vineyard Site PreparationPart 9 – Deciding on the Number of Vines to Order
A measuring wheel that can beused to quickly measure distances between stakes that outline the area to be planted.
For more modern people, I suppose GPS units can also dothis very nicely!!!
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Cabernet franc/C3309
not root pruned Cabernet franc/C3309
root pruned
Vineyard Site Preparation
Part 10 – Control of Surface Water
Surface Erosion Statistics
• 1 acre-inch of water = 27,154 gallons
• So on 10 acres..– A 1-inch rainfall = 271,154 gallons
– A 2-inch rainfall = 543,080 gallons
– A 3-inch rainfall = 814,620 gallons
– A 4-inch rainfall = 1,086,160 gallons
* The volume of the St. Joseph, MI YMCA Olympic-size swimming pool is about 180,000 gallons.
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Soddedwaterway
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Vineyard Site PreparationPart 11 – Cropping History of
the Site
Cropping History of the Site
Herbicide carryover - CornNutrient levels – Alfalfa and low potassiumDisease – Peach and Peach Rosette Mosaic
VirusOrchards and Vineyards – Nematodes,
Phylloxera
Most of the time these are not issues.
SUMMARYThankfully, not all the tasks listed above
need to be performed on all vineyard sites.
However, all vineyard sites need some site preparation so that the resulting vineyard has the very best opportunity for rapid establishment and long-term productivity.
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Numero Uno
WEED
CONTROL
THANK YOU FOR
YOUR ATTENTION