A Report
On
Village Energy Survey
KalampadaVillage,
ShahpurTaluka, Thane, Maharashtra
Submitted by
KarishmaBhuyan
Vishal Singh
Pratik Chatse
DwijaPratimSen
HardikKalasua
Centre for Technology Alternatives for Rural Areas (CTARA)
Indian Institute of Technology, Mumbai, Powai 400076
March 2013
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Contents
1. Introduction: ......................................................................................................... 4
2. Objectives ............................................................................................................ 4
3. Methodology: ....................................................................................................... 4
Selection of village: ................................................................................................. 4
Table 1: ................................................................................................................... 5
Figure 1: Shere Village center ................................................................................. 5
Survey and source of information: .......................................................................... 6
Figure 2: Sarpanch’s Home .................................................................................... 6
4. Scheme ............................................................................................................... 7
Figure 3: Solar dual pump water supply scheme .................................................... 7
Figure 4: Observing the PV plates .......................................................................... 7
Figure 5: Installed solar PV plates .......................................................................... 8
Dual pump system .................................................................................................. 9
Table 2: Components and costing .......................................................................... 9
Advantages: .......................................................................................................... 10
Problems identified in Kalampada: ........................................................................ 10
5. Ecological conditions of people at Kalampada .................................................. 11
Location: ............................................................................................................... 11
Boundary and area ............................................................................................... 11
Demographic and socio-economic status of people .............................................. 11
Population and density distribution ....................................................................... 11
6. Socio economic profiles of people at Kalampada .............................................. 12
Natural resources .................................................................................................. 12
Land-use pattern ................................................................................................... 12
Agricultural crops .................................................................................................. 12
Animal stock .......................................................................................................... 12
Basic amenities/facilities at village level ................................................................ 12
Rivers and irrigation projects ................................................................................. 12
Transportation facilities ......................................................................................... 13
Administrative setup .............................................................................................. 13
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7. Households ........................................................................................................ 14
Profiles, energy consumption, pattern, problems and prospects ........................... 14
Figure 6:Installed MSEB meter ............................................................................. 14
Figure 7: Solar Streetlight ..................................................................................... 15
8. Energy sources .................................................................................................. 16
Identification of energy sources ............................................................................ 16
Table 3: Sample Data sheet.................................................................................. 16
9. Analysis and calculations ................................................................................... 17
Plot 1: Food and fodder ........................................................................................ 17
Table 4: ................................................................................................................. 17
Plot 2: Electricity usage distribution ...................................................................... 18
Table 5: ................................................................................................................. 18
Plot 3: Energy mix ................................................................................................. 19
Findings and recommendations: ........................................................................... 19
10. References ..................................................................................................... 20
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1. Introduction:
Renowned scientist and thinker Professor AmulyaK.N. Reddy had once said that we
knew far more about how energy used in London or New York than in villages 10 km
away from the Indian Institute of Science.
The availability and consumption of energy strongly influences the socio-economic
profiles of people. As a result, per capita consumption of energy is one of the major
indices to judge economic development.
In this context, we were required to conduct a village energy audit as part of our
course to understand the energy consumption patterns in a village.This document
reports the details of the visit, research methodology and our findings and inferences
from the same in its entirety.
2. Objectives
The objectives of our visit, research and study are as follows:
To assess the different sources of energy and their utilization
To understand the socio economic profile of the chosen village
To assess the issues and opportunities provided by the scene and setting of
the village
To check whether the GSDA scheme is properly working or not
3. Methodology:
Selection of village:
Kalampada, a small village in ShahapurTaluka in Thane District in Maharashtra
State was chosen as the village for study. Some of the nearby towns that were
identifies wereShahapur, Murbad, Kalyan, Ambernath. Kalampada is reachable by
Vasind Railway Station, Asangaon Railway Station, Khadavli Railway Station and
Atgaon Railway Station. The village Panchayat was SherePanchayat. Table 1 gives
the village profile.
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Table 1:
State Maharashtra
District Thane
Taluka Name Shahpur
Village name Shere
Region Konkan
Division Konkan Division
Language Marathi and Hindi
Elevation 77 meters above Sea level
Figure 1:Shere Village center
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Survey and source of information:
Survey was conducted at the household level and the main source of information
was the Sarpanch of the village, who provided us with the necessary village data.
Figure 2:Sarpanch’s Home
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4. Scheme
Figure 3: Solar dual pump water supply scheme
Figure 4: Observing the PV plates
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Figure 5: Installed solar PV plates
Big piped water supply schemes in is not feasible in small habitations. There are
high operations and maintenance cost which leads to high per capita cost and
electricity bills. The scheme also fails when there is no electricity or huge amount of
power cuts. Moreover, hand pumps used in the traditional schemes have many
problems. For instance, it cannot draw water from below 120 feet.
In this context GSDA came out with an innovative solution of dual pump system
hand pump and submersible pump in the same bore well. This system can work
below 36 m.
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Dual pump system
The method of dual pump installation is as follows:
The dual pump system can be installed on a bore well/Tube well having a
yield, not less than 2000 litres per hour and water should be potable.
There should be open space from the shadows of any house or tree, near the
bore well, to install solar photovoltaic panels.
First of all one has to remove the existing hand pump from the bore well.
Special water chamber, innovated by GSDA is mounted on the pedestal of
hand pump.
Solar energy based submersible pump is lowered and it’s riser pipe which is a
HDPE pipe of 25 mm diameter is fixed on the nipple of this special water
chamber.
Dual pumping arrangement in a single bore well/ tube well is possible due to
this special water chamber
It also facilitates removal of hand pump cylinder and riser pipes, without
removing the submersible pump.
Table 2: Components and costing
Component Cost
Solar panel (PV cell) and submersible
pump
Rs 2.25 lakh
Hand pump unit Rs 15000
Water storage tank (HDPE/Syntax
type)
Rs 30000
Steel structure with foundation Rs 1 lakh
Distribution to each and every
household
Rs 1lakh
Total cost Rs 5 lakh approx.
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Advantages:
There are many advantages of this scheme. Following are some of them.
Doesn’t need electricity
No electricity bills
Less maintenance
Works on cloudy/rainy days
Low cost
Do not depend upon electricity: solar power
Easy to operate and maintain
Low recurring costs- no electricity charges
Works even on rainy/cloudy days
Problems identified in Kalampada:
Dust had accumulated on the solar panel
No care or maintenance by authorised or unauthorised personnel
Water accumulated after all day running of pump was not sufficient for the
villagers
Women had to fetch water late in the afternoon when atmospheric
temperature is at its peak
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5. Ecological conditions of people at Kalampada
Location:
Village is 3 km from the Shere Gram-Panchayat. Shere is around 15 km from Vasind
a smalltown and Local Railway Station. It comes under ShahapurTaluka in Thane
District.
Boundaryand area
The village was on a privately-owned land and hence is in dispute. There is no
“Gavthan” tovillage and hence estimation of boundary of the village and extent was
not possible. Thereare 27 Houses of both kaccha and pucca type.
Demographic and socio-economic status of people
The village is homogenous in terms of caste and economic status. All families are
under BPL. Main livelihood is from vegetable farming by irrigation. State and
construction of houses coupled with most houses having electricity imply good
conditions for living. Homogeneity in class and caste helps to unify the village.
Population and density distribution
Population of village is 215. Total Male Population is 104 and Total female
Population is 101. The number of hamlets is 27 and number of households is 43. All
families are of same Caste and are under BPL.
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6. Socio economic profiles of people at Kalampada
Natural resources
At the time of the visit the surrounding vegetation was sparse and was of dry nature.
Though we were told that in monsoon months there is vegetation and forest around
the village vicinity. Women go for firewood collections at distance of 1 to 2 km.
Land-use pattern
Agriculture is practised twice a year. Rice is a rain-fed crop and is primarily grown for
household consumption. Vegetables are grown with the help of irrigation from river
water when water is released from Jambha dam. Many People own Diesel or Electric
Pumps for irrigation (5HP).
Agricultural crops
Rice is grown in subsistence type of agriculture practise and is entirely rain-fed. Only
commercial agriculture is the vegetables grown with the help of irrigation from the
Jambha Dam. Vegetables grown are Karli, Bhendi, Gawar, Kakdi. These are sold at
Vasind and are a prime mode of livelihood for people in Kalampada.
Animal stock
Animals are kept as draught or for home milk consumption. Most families average
about 4 cattle. Hens also are a common site in most households but egg
consumption is only at home level and no livelihood is generated from poultry or
cattle.
Basic amenities/facilities at village level
Village has good water supply schemes up and running. There are two bore-wells in
thevicinity and both are perennial. There is no water scarcity problem. The
introduction of solarwater pump at the existing bore-well also is a useful due to 5
stand-posts along the lengthof the village. Flour mill and Oil Ghani are not present in
village and they have to avail thisservice at Shere. Also a sub PHC is situated at
Shere. Electricity is present in every home andmost of them have 2-3 bulbs and a
fan.
Rivers and irrigation projects
The village receives water for irrigation on-demand by paying a fixed amount on a
yearly basis. Jambha Dam provides the water for the village. Due to free riding
effect, people tend to avoid paying the water fees and hence everyone suffers.
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Transportation facilities
Transportation is via private Jeep and Tata Sumos. MSRTC Bus are available but at
a distance of 2 km from village. There is no Pucca road to the village. The village has
a total of 3 motor bikes. The nearest railway station is Vasind about 18 km from
Kalampada. Health and Other facilities are available only at Vasind.
Administrative setup
Kalampada is a settlement under the GrampanchayatShere of ShahapurTaluka. The
sarpanch of the ShereGrampanchayat hails from Kalampada.
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7. Households
Profiles, energy consumption, pattern, problems and prospects
The aim of the project – to collect more detailed data on households’ energy
consumption – was achieved. Also, the survey gave information about the overall
attitude of households towards more efficient use of energy in their dwellings. As
background information, data on dwellings’ and households’ characteristics were
obtained. The data on the amount of energy used in every household were collected
by type of energy and fuel. The survey examined also penetration share of electrical
appliances in households. The stock and use of motorised vehicles by households
was investigated as well. And, last but not least, the survey also covered the use of
renewable energy sources.
Figure 6:Installed MSEB meter
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In the surveyed village, all households have a dedicated electricity connection,
complete with consumption meters, from the Maharashtra State Electricity
Distribution Company Limited (MSEDCL) grid. The mode of the monthly bill lies in
the range of INR 50-60. This reflects a fixed cost component of INR 10 (in
accordance with government norms for BPL/APL supply) and the rest comprises of
electricity consumption at the rate of INR 1.00 per unit. The bill thus reflects an
average household consumption of about 40 units (KWh) of electricity per month.
This is actual end use energy for about 3 bulbs/lights and 1 fan per household (on an
average). The fans are single phase induction motor variants, and are receptacles
for about half the power thus consumed.
Figure 7: Solar Streetlight
Moreover, renewable energy is deployed on a practical scale in the form of a 2 KWp
solar water pumping system from Jain Irrigation Systems Ltd. It is a direct conversion
device (without battery based storage) and power electronic converter couples it with
a submersible pump which in turn pumps out about 1000 litres per day of aquifer
stored water.
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8. Energy sources
Identification of energy sources
Major sources of energy identified are as follows:
Cooking: Firewood
Lighting: Electricity, kerosene oil
Drinking water: Solar pump, manual labour
Irrigation: Diesel
Transportation: Petrol
Table 3: Sample Data sheet
Family head Tukaram
Narayan
Pardhi
Namdeo
Goma
Pardhi
Navsu
Ragho
Pardhi
Prakash
Dhau
Banghara
Lakhshya
Chahu
Banghara
Soma
Budha
Thombre
Details
family size 11 12 6 4 11 14
land holding 1.5 ACRE 3.5 acre 12
guntha
1 acre 3 acre 4 acre
no. of
animals
4cow/7bull 2/7bull 1/2bull 1/4bull 12/10bull
monthly bill 40 50-60 40-50 30-40 40-45 190
bulb/light 3 3+1 3 2 4 5
Fan 1 1 1 0 2
Mobile 2 2 3 1 4
Tv no 1 1
Pump no 1 rockel
pump/5hp
5 hp electric
Vehicle no
Others dvd
player
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9. Analysis and calculations
The tables and plots below discuss in detail the finding about the energy usage
patterns of the surveyed families of the village. The irrigation by pumps part of the
energy usage equation was left out of the calculations because diesel is bought
specially for that purpose and is seasonal. Transport and logistics have also been
overlooked while performing calculations on the primary data.
Plot 1:Food and fodder
Total food and fodder requirements for the surveyed families were found out to be
3690 KJ per day. The mix is shown as per below graph
The table below shows the assumptions for calculations and the resultant values for
plots.
Table 4:
Food Required Total no. of
people
Average Energy Requirement
(MJ per month)
Family size 182 8.27 X 10 KJ/person per day 55
No. of cows 42 1.91 X 20 KJ/cow per day 25
No. of bulls 52 2.36 X 25 KJ/bull per day 39
Food
Cow feed
Bull Fodder
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Plot 2: Electricity usage distribution
Total electricity requirement was found out to be about 841 KW per month. On
average it comes to about 38 units per family per month. This seems to comply with
the average bill paid by each family which is about ₹ 37 per month. The plot below
shows the major appliances using electricity. It clearly suggests that lighting takes up
the biggest share.
The table below shows the assumptions for calculations and the resultant values for
plots.
Table 5:
Electricity
Required
Total no. of
appliances
Average Energy Requirement
(KW per month)
Bulbs/tube
light
59 2.68 X 60 W/bulb 6 hrs daily 637.2
Fans 12 0.55 X 80 W/fan 4 hrs daily 115.2
Mobile 23 1.05 X 10 W/mobile 2 hrs
daily
13.8
TV 10 0.45 X 250 W/tv 1 hr daily 75
Bulbs/tubelight
Fans
Mobile
Tv
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Plot 3: Energy mix
The plot below shows a comparison between energy contained in the total amounts
of the source used. However, due to various conversion efficiencies being
particularly low, the actual energy consumption plot would look very different.
Findings and recommendations:
The study on a whole shows that there is an enormous amount of government led
development happening in and around the place. The village as an economic entity
was very prosperous and happy. The village holds enormous possibilities for
establishment of renewable energy generation schemes. It is for them to decide what
kind of development do they want for their homeland and what can be the best out of
various possible ways of doing the same. The already implemented GSDA system
can be made more efficient by having pre implementation studies conducted strictly
and also by imparting funds for maintenance and check-up of established systems.
Other than that, there was hardly any scope of development of the village apart from
education and health sectors.
Firewood
Kerosene
Food and fodder
Electricity
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10. References
a. Amulya K.N. Reddy , “The Making Of An Energy Analyst: Some Personal
Reflections” . International Energy Initiative
b. DR Veena, “Rural Energy: Consumption, Problems and Prospects”. Asish
Publishing house.