Download - Verb phrase
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E_English Grammar Course
Unit 5
Lecture 5. Verb & its complements
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1. Different classifications of English verbs
2. Grammatical categories of the verb
3. Intensive complementation
4. Monotransitive complementation
5. Ditransitive complementation
6. Complextransitive complementation
Issues
Click at the underlined to view the whole explanation
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Classifications of English verbs1
VerbVerb
1/1
according toclassified
Possibility of admitting progressive aspect
Possibility of admitting progressive aspect
Functions of itemsFunctions of items
ComplementationComplementation
StructureStructure
= words or phrases
indicating an action,
an event, or a state
E.g.: kiss, break out, have
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Classifications of English verbs1
VerbsVerbs
1/1
according toclassified Functions of itemsFunctions of items
Lexical verbsLexical verbs Auxiliary verbsAuxiliary verbs
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Classifications of English verbs1
VerbsVerbs
1/1
according toclassified Functions of itemsFunctions of items
Lexical verbsLexical verbs Auxiliary verbsAuxiliary verbs
RegularRegular
IrregularIrregular
E.g.: book, booked, booked
E.g.: teach, taught, taught
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Classifications of English verbs1
VerbsVerbs
1/1
according toclassified Functions of itemsFunctions of items
Lexical verbsLexical verbs Auxiliary verbsAuxiliary verbs
PrimaryPrimary
ModalModal
Marginalmodal auxiliary
Marginalmodal auxiliary
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Classifications of English verbs1
VerbsVerbs
1/1
according toclassified Functions of itemsFunctions of items
Lexical verbsLexical verbs Auxiliary verbsAuxiliary verbs
PrimaryPrimary
ModalModal
Marginalmodal auxiliary
Marginalmodal auxiliary
• include: do, have, be
• change meaning when becoming a
full verb
E.g.: I am a student. vs. I am reading.
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Classifications of English verbs1
VerbsVerbs
1/1
according toclassified Functions of itemsFunctions of items
Lexical verbsLexical verbs Auxiliary verbsAuxiliary verbs
PrimaryPrimary
ModalModal
Marginalmodal auxiliary
Marginalmodal auxiliary
• include:Can – couldMay – MightShall-shouldWill-wouldMust Ought to
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Classifications of English verbs1
VerbsVerbs
1/1
according toclassified Functions of itemsFunctions of items
Lexical verbsLexical verbs Auxiliary verbsAuxiliary verbs
PrimaryPrimary
ModalModal
Marginalmodal auxiliary
Marginalmodal auxiliary• include: used to, dare,
need
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Classifications of English verbs1
VerbsVerbs
1/1
according toclassified ComplementationComplementation
Intensive verbsIntensive verbs Extensive verbsExtensive verbs
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Classifications of English verbs1
VerbsVerbs
1/1
according toclassified ComplementationComplementation
Intensive verbsIntensive verbs
Current copular Current copular
Resulting copularResulting copular
E.g.: be, appear, feel, look, remain, seem
E.g.: become, get, go, grow, turn, make
• connect S & C
• have the pattern:
SVC or SVA(obli)
E.g.: I feel tired.
He’s in the cab.
Extensive verbsExtensive verbs
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Classifications of English verbs1
VerbsVerbs
1/1
according toclassified ComplementationComplementation
Extensive verbsExtensive verbs
IntransitiveIntransitive
TransitiveTransitive
Intensive verbsIntensive verbs
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Classifications of English verbs1
VerbsVerbs
1/1
according toclassified ComplementationComplementation
Extensive verbsExtensive verbs
IntransitiveIntransitive
TransitiveTransitive
Intensive verbsIntensive verbs• require no Object
• have the pattern: SV
• make complete
sense
themselves
E.g.: He’s singing.
The baby cried.
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Classifications of English verbs1
VerbsVerbs
1/1
according toclassified ComplementationComplementation
Extensive verbsExtensive verbs
IntransitiveIntransitive
TransitiveTransitive
Intensive verbsIntensive verbs
Mono-transitiveMono-transitive
Di-transitiveDi-transitive
Complex-transitiveComplex-transitive
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Classifications of English verbs1
VerbsVerbs
1/1
according toclassified ComplementationComplementation
Extensive verbsExtensive verbs
IntransitiveIntransitive
TransitiveTransitive
Intensive verbsIntensive verbs
Mono-transitiveMono-transitive
Di-transitiveDi-transitive
Complex-transitiveComplex-transitive
• require one direct Object
(Od)
• have the pattern: SVOd
E.g.: I kissed her.
He caught the ball.
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Classifications of English verbs1
VerbsVerbs
1/1
according toclassified ComplementationComplementation
Extensive verbsExtensive verbs
IntransitiveIntransitive
TransitiveTransitive
Intensive verbsIntensive verbs
Mono-transitiveMono-transitive
Di-transitiveDi-transitive
Complex-transitiveComplex-transitive• require both direct Object (Od) & indirect Object (Oi)
• have the pattern: SVOdOi E.g.: I gave her such a lovely present.
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Classifications of English verbs1
VerbsVerbs
1/1
according toclassified ComplementationComplementation
Extensive verbsExtensive verbs
IntransitiveIntransitive
TransitiveTransitive
Intensive verbsIntensive verbs
Mono-transitiveMono-transitive
Di-transitiveDi-transitive
Complex-transitiveComplex-transitive
• require Object and Object Complement
(Co) or Obligatory Averbial (A(obli))
• have the pattern: SVOCo or
SVOA(obli)
E.g.: He made me really crazy.
He sent his son to the kindergarten.
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Classifications of English verbs1
VerbsVerbs
1/1
according toclassified Possibility of admitting
progressive aspectPossibility of admitting
progressive aspect
Stative verbsStative verbs Dynamic verbsDynamic verbs
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Classifications of English verbs1
VerbsVerbs
1/1
according toclassified Possibility of admitting
progressive aspectPossibility of admitting
progressive aspect
Stative verbsStative verbs
Verbs of inert perception & recognition Verbs of inert perception & recognition
Relational verbsRelational verbs
= verbs that show the
condition or status
and do not accept the
progressive aspect
E.g.: I am a boy.
It feels thin.
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Classifications of English verbs1
VerbsVerbs
1/1
according toclassified Possibility of admitting
progressive aspectPossibility of admitting
progressive aspect
Stative verbsStative verbs
Verbs of inert perception & recognition Verbs of inert perception & recognition
Relational verbsRelational verbs• adore, astonish, believe, hate, hear,
impress, know, like, etc.
E.g.: I like you
He said he hated cooking.
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Classifications of English verbs1
VerbsVerbs
1/1
according toclassified Possibility of admitting
progressive aspectPossibility of admitting
progressive aspect
Stative verbsStative verbs
Verbs of inert perception & recognition Verbs of inert perception & recognition
Relational verbsRelational verbs
• apply to, equal, deserve, involve, lack, matter, need, owe, resemble, possess,
sound, tend, etc. E.g.: She resembles her mother.
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Classifications of English verbs1
VerbsVerbs
1/1
according toclassified Possibility of admitting
progressive aspectPossibility of admitting
progressive aspect
Dynamic verbsDynamic verbs
Verbs of body sensationVerbs of body sensation
Activity verbsActivity verbs
Transitional event verbsTransitional event verbs
Momentary verbsMomentary verbs
Process verbsProcess verbs
= verbs that show the action or the change of status E.g.: She learns English. He hit me. She is English. ( ‘is’ isn’t dynamic verb because it denotes a permanent status)
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Classifications of English verbs1
VerbsVerbs
1/1
according toclassified Possibility of admitting
progressive aspectPossibility of admitting
progressive aspect
Dynamic verbsDynamic verbs
Verbs of body sensationVerbs of body sensation
Activities verbsActivities verbs
Transitional event verbsTransitional event verbs
Momentary verbsMomentary verbs
Process verbsProcess verbs
• ache, hurt, itch, fell,
etc.
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Classifications of English verbs1
VerbsVerbs
1/1
according toclassified Possibility of admitting
progressive aspectPossibility of admitting
progressive aspect
Dynamic verbsDynamic verbs
Verbs of body sensationVerbs of body sensation
Activities verbsActivities verbs
Transitional event verbsTransitional event verbs
Momentary verbsMomentary verbs
Process verbsProcess verbs
• ask, eat, help, learn, say, throw, write
etc.
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Classifications of English verbs1
VerbsVerbs
1/1
according toclassified Possibility of admitting
progressive aspectPossibility of admitting
progressive aspect
Dynamic verbsDynamic verbs
Verbs of body sensationVerbs of body sensation
Activities verbsActivities verbs
Transitional event verbsTransitional event verbs
Momentary verbsMomentary verbs
Process verbsProcess verbs
• arrive, land, leave, lose, die
etc.
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Classifications of English verbs1
VerbsVerbs
1/1
according toclassified Possibility of admitting
progressive aspectPossibility of admitting
progressive aspect
Dynamic verbsDynamic verbs
Verbs of body sensationVerbs of body sensation
Activities verbsActivities verbs
Transitional event verbsTransitional event verbs
Momentary verbsMomentary verbs
Process verbsProcess verbs
• hit, jump, kick, knock, nod, tap
etc.
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Classifications of English verbs1
VerbsVerbs
1/1
according toclassified Possibility of admitting
progressive aspectPossibility of admitting
progressive aspect
Dynamic verbsDynamic verbs
Verbs of body sensationVerbs of body sensation
Activities verbsActivities verbs
Transitional event verbsTransitional event verbs
Momentary verbsMomentary verbs
Process verbsProcess verbs
• change, deteriorate, grow, mature, slow down
etc.
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Classifications of English verbs1
VerbsVerbs
1/1
according toclassified StructureStructure
One-word verbsOne-word verbs Multi-word verbsMulti-word verbs
FiniteFinite Non-finiteNon-finite+
infinitiveinfinitive
ing-participleing-participle
ed-participleed-participle
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Classifications of English verbs1
VerbsVerbs
1/1
according toclassified StructureStructure
One-word verbsOne-word verbs
• as the name suggests, these are verbs of ONE
WORD
E.g.: change, kiss, make, love, etc.
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Classifications of English verbs1
VerbsVerbs
1/1
according toclassified StructureStructure
Multi-word verbsMulti-word verbs
Phrasal verbsPhrasal verbs
Prepositional verbsPrepositional verbs
Phrasal-prepositional verbsPhrasal-prepositional verbs
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Classifications of English verbs1
VerbsVerbs
1/1
according toclassified StructureStructure
Multi-word verbsMulti-word verbs
Phrasal verbsPhrasal verbs
Prepositional verbsPrepositional verbs
Phrasal-prepositional verbsPhrasal-prepositional verbs
• make out, call up, put on, take off, give up, etc.
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Classifications of English verbs1
VerbsVerbs
1/1
according toclassified StructureStructure
Multi-word verbsMulti-word verbs
Phrasal verbsPhrasal verbs
Prepositional verbsPrepositional verbs
Phrasal-prepositional verbsPhrasal-prepositional verbs• look up, clear up, get at, etc.
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Classifications of English verbs1
VerbsVerbs
1/1
according toclassified StructureStructure
Multi-word verbsMulti-word verbs
Phrasal verbsPhrasal verbs
Prepositional verbsPrepositional verbs
Phrasal-prepositional verbsPhrasal-prepositional verbs
• come up with, make up for, stand in for, put up with,
etc.
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Classifications of English verbs1
VerbsVerbs
1/1
according toclassified StructureStructure
One-word verbsOne-word verbs Multi-word verbsMulti-word verbs
FiniteFinite Non-finiteNon-finite+
Criteria Finite Non-finite
Occurrence in independent clause √
Tense contrast √
Person and number concord √
Finite verb inclusion √
Mood distinction √
E.g.: I am/ He is
a student.
Being a
student, she’s
hardworking.
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Grammatical categories of verbs2
Grammatical categories of verbsGrammatical categories of verbs
1/1
TenseTense AspectAspect MoodMood VoiceVoice
PresentPresent
PastPast
IndicativeIndicative
ImperativeImperative
SubjunctiveSubjunctive
ActiveActive
PassivePassive
ProgressiveProgressive
PerfectivePerfective
Perfective-progressivePerfective-progressive
SimpleSimple
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Grammatical categories of verbs2
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TenseTense = the correspondence between the form of the verb and
our concept of time• language specific• while TIME: universal, non-linguistic• includes PAST and PRESENT• no FUTURE TENSE because there’s no verb form
corresponding to future time.
E.g.: She is studying now.
(verb form: ing-participle + present time: now
present time)
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Grammatical categories of verbs2
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AspectAspect • the manner in which a verbal action is experienced or regarded
with respect to time• progressive aspect: verbal action experienced as in progress• perfective aspect: verbal action experienced as completed
E.g.: I am writing with a special pen. (progressive aspect)
I have written with a special pen. (perfective aspect)• Tense & aspect are intermingled.
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Grammatical categories of verbs 2
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AspectAspectTenseTense &
Tense
Aspect
Simple Complex
Progressive Perfective Perfect progressive
Present Present simple
Present progressive
Presentperfect
Present perfect progressive
Past Past simple
Past progressive Past perfect Past perfect progressive
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Grammatical categories of verbs2
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MoodMood = a grammatical category that relates the verb action to such
conditions such as certainty, obligation, necessity, possibility
IndicativeIndicative
ImperativeImperative
SubjunctiveSubjunctive
= statement of the fact
= command, request
= non-fact, unreal
E.g.: She’s nice to me.
(fact - indicative)
Be nice to me.
(command - imperative)
I suggest she be nice to me.
(non-fact - subjunctive)
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Grammatical categories of verbs2
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Subjunctive moodSubjunctive mood
MandativeMandative
FormulaicFormulaic
Subjunctive “were”
Subjunctive “were”
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Grammatical categories of verbs2
1/1
Subjunctive moodSubjunctive mood
MandativeMandative
FormulaicFormulaic
Subjunctive “were”
Subjunctive “were”
• Found in “-that clause” (verbs: recommend,
demand,
request, insist, suggest, ask, it is necessary that)• Form: the base• Aim: to be formal E.g.: The chairman demands that the farmer kill all his chicken. It is necessary that every student pay the tuition fee.
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Grammatical categories of verbs2
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Subjunctive moodSubjunctive mood
MandativeMandative
FormulaicFormulaic
Subjunctive “were”
Subjunctive “were”
• Found in clause in certain set expressions• Form: the base
E.g.: May god bless you.
Long live the King.
God save the Queen.
Come what may, we’ll go ahead.
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Grammatical categories of verbs2
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Subjunctive moodSubjunctive mood
MandativeMandative
FormulaicFormulaic
Subjunctive “were”
Subjunctive “were”
• Found in conditional & concessive clauses,
subordinate clauses after verbs like Wish and Suppose • Form: WERE• Meaning: hypothetical/unreal
E.g.: If I were rich, I would buy you anything you wanted.
Just suppose everyone were to give up smoking.
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Grammatical categories of verbs2
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VoiceVoice = a grammatical category that makes it possible to view
the action of a sentence in either of two ways, without
change in the facts reported• include: passive and active voice
E.g.: He ate all the apples. (active)
The dog was bitten by our neighbor. (passive)
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Intensive complementation3
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Intensive verb complementation(SVC - SVA)
Intensive verb complementation(SVC - SVA)
C (complement)C (complement) A (adverbial)A (adverbial)
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Intensive complementation3
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Intensive verb complementation(SVC - SVA)
Intensive verb complementation(SVC - SVA)
C (complement)C (complement) A (adverbial)A (adverbial)
Adjective phraseAdjective phrase
Nominal phraseNominal phrase
Noun phraseNoun phrase
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Intensive complementation3
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Intensive verb complementation(SVC - SVA)
Intensive verb complementation(SVC - SVA)
C (complement)C (complement) A (adverbial)A (adverbial)
Adjective phraseAdjective phrase
Nominal phraseNominal phrase
Noun phraseNoun phrase
E.g.: She is so crazy.
That is ridiculous!
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Intensive complementation3
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Intensive verb complementation(SVC - SVA)
Intensive verb complementation(SVC - SVA)
C (complement)C (complement) A (adverbial)A (adverbial)
Adjective phraseAdjective phrase
Nominal phraseNominal phrase
Noun phraseNoun phraseE.g.: She isn’t a good student.
It appears the only solution.
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Intensive complementation3
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Intensive verb complementation(SVC - SVA)
Intensive verb complementation(SVC - SVA)
C (complement)C (complement) A (adverbial)A (adverbial)
Adjective phraseAdjective phrase
Nominal clauseNominal clause
Noun phraseNoun phrase
finite clausefinite clause
non-finite clausenon-finite clause
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Intensive complementation3
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Intensive verb complementation(SVC - SVA)
Intensive verb complementation(SVC - SVA)
C (complement)C (complement) A (adverbial)A (adverbial)
Adjective phraseAdjective phrase
Nominal clauseNominal clause
Noun phraseNoun phrase
finite clausefinite clause
non-finite clausenon-finite clause
• “that clause”
E.g.: The problem is that it costs a lot.• “wh-interrogative clause”
E.g.: The problem is not who will go. • “nominal relative clause”
E.g.: Quality is what counts most.
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Intensive complementation3
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Intensive verb complementation(SVC - SVA)
Intensive verb complementation(SVC - SVA)
C (complement)C (complement) A (adverbial)A (adverbial)
Adjective phraseAdjective phrase
Nominal phraseNominal phrase
Noun phraseNoun phrase
finite clausefinite clause
• “bare-infinitive clause”
E.g.: All I did was hit him on the head.• “to-infinitive clause” with(out) “Subject” (S)
E.g.: My wish is to be a pilot. (without S)
The idea is for us to meet at 8. (with S)
• “-ing clause”
E.g.: Seeing is believing.non-finite clausenon-finite clause
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Mono-transitive complementation4
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Mono-transitive verb complementation(SVO)
Mono-transitive verb complementation(SVO)
Noun phraseNoun phrase Non-finite clauseNon-finite clauseFinite clauseFinite clause
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Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Noun phraseMono-transitive verb complementation by a Noun phrase
Direct object (O)Direct object (O) Prepositional OPrepositional O
With passiveWith passive
one-word verbsone-word verbs
phrasal verbsphrasal verbs
Without passiveWithout passive
Prepositional verbsPrepositional verbs
Phrasal prepositional verbsPhrasal prepositional verbs
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Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Noun phraseMono-transitive verb complementation by a Noun phrase
Direct object (O)Direct object (O) Prepositional OPrepositional O
With passiveWith passive
one-word verbsone-word verbs
phrasal verbsphrasal verbs
Without passiveWithout passive
Prepositional verbsPrepositional verbs
Phrasal prepositional verbsPhrasal prepositional verbs
E.g.: Tom caught the ball.
The ball was caught by Tom.
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Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Noun phraseMono-transitive verb complementation by a Noun phrase
Direct object (O)Direct object (O) Prepositional OPrepositional O
With passiveWith passive
one-word verbsone-word verbs
phrasal verbsphrasal verbs
Without passiveWithout passive
Prepositional verbsPrepositional verbs
Phrasal prepositional verbsPhrasal prepositional verbsE.g.: They passed over the question.
The question was passed over.
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Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Noun phraseMono-transitive verb complementation by a Noun phrase
Direct object (O)Direct object (O) Prepositional OPrepositional O
With passiveWith passive
one-word verbsone-word verbs
phrasal verbsphrasal verbs
Without passiveWithout passive
Prepositional verbsPrepositional verbs
Phrasal prepositional verbsPhrasal prepositional verbs
E.g.: She has a nice house.
A house is had by her.
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Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Noun phraseMono-transitive verb complementation by a Noun phrase
Direct object (O)Direct object (O) Prepositional OPrepositional O
With passiveWith passive
one-word verbsone-word verbs
phrasal verbsphrasal verbs
Without passiveWithout passive
Prepositional verbsPrepositional verbs
Phrasal prepositional verbsPhrasal prepositional verbs
E.g.: The management paid for his
air fares.
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Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Noun phraseMono-transitive verb complementation by a Noun phrase
Direct object (O)Direct object (O) Prepositional OPrepositional O
With passiveWith passive
one-word verbsone-word verbs
phrasal verbsphrasal verbs
Without passiveWithout passive
Prepositional verbsPrepositional verbs
Phrasal prepositional verbsPhrasal prepositional verbs
E.g.: He looked down on them.
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Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Finite clauseMono-transitive verb complementation by a Finite clause
That- clauseThat- clause Wh- clauseWh- clause
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Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Finite clauseMono-transitive verb complementation by a Finite clause
That- clauseThat- clause Wh- clauseWh- clause
Extraposed subject that-clause
Extraposed subject that-clause
Extraposed object that-clause
Extraposed object that-clause
That- clauseas object
That- clauseas object
E.g.: I don’t care what you are saying.
Tom doubted whether they would come to the party.
I wondered who did make the bed for me.
Can you confirm which flight we are taking?
I realized what a fool I had been.
I know how busy you are.
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Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Finite clauseMono-transitive verb complementation by a Finite clause
That- clauseThat- clause
That- clause as object That- clause as object
Super-ordinate verbs Super-ordinate verbs
Subordinate verbs Subordinate verbs
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Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Finite clauseMono-transitive verb complementation by a Finite clause
That- clauseThat- clause
That- clause as object That- clause as object
Super-ordinate verbs Super-ordinate verbs
Subordinate verbs Subordinate verbs
Major Major
Minor Minor
Factual Factual
SuasiveSuasive
EmotiveEmotive
HypothesisHypothesis
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Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Finite clauseMono-transitive verb complementation by a Finite clause
That- clauseThat- clause
That- clause as object That- clause as object
Super-ordinate verbs Super-ordinate verbs
Subordinate verbs Subordinate verbs
Major Major
Minor Minor
Factual Factual
SuasiveSuasive
EmotiveEmotive
HypothesisHypothesis
• introduce what one might generally describe
as factual or propositional information
E.g.: They agree/admit/claim that she was
misled.
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Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Finite clauseMono-transitive verb complementation by a Finite clause
That- clauseThat- clause
That- clause as object That- clause as object
Super-ordinate verbs Super-ordinate verbs
Subordinate verbs Subordinate verbs
Major Major
Minor Minor
Factual Factual
SuasiveSuasive
EmotiveEmotive
HypothesisHypothesis
• imply intentions to bring about some change
in the future, whether or not these are
verbally
formulated as commands, suggestions, etc
E.g.: The are demanding that she leaves.
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Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Finite clauseMono-transitive verb complementation by a Finite clause
That- clauseThat- clause
That- clause as object That- clause as object
Super-ordinate verbs Super-ordinate verbs
Subordinate verbs Subordinate verbs
Major Major
Minor Minor
Factual Factual
SuasiveSuasive
EmotiveEmotive
HypothesisHypothesis
E.g.: I regret that she worry.
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Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Finite clauseMono-transitive verb complementation by a Finite clause
That- clauseThat- clause
That- clause as object That- clause as object
Super-ordinate verbs Super-ordinate verbs
Subordinate verbs Subordinate verbs
Major Major
Minor Minor
Factual Factual
SuasiveSuasive
EmotiveEmotive
HypothesisHypothesis
E.g.: I wish that he were here.
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Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Finite clauseMono-transitive verb complementation by a Finite clause
That- clauseThat- clause
That- clause as object That- clause as object
Subordinate verbs Subordinate verbs
Subjunctive verbs Subjunctive verbs
Putative “should” Putative “should”
Indicative verbs Indicative verbs
Super-ordinate verbs Super-ordinate verbs
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Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Finite clauseMono-transitive verb complementation by a Finite clause
That- clauseThat- clause
That- clause as object That- clause as object
Subordinate verbs Subordinate verbs
Subjunctive verbs Subjunctive verbs
Putative “should” Putative “should”
Indicative verbs Indicative verbs
Super-ordinate verbs Super-ordinate verbs E.g.: I recommend that he be here.
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Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Finite clauseMono-transitive verb complementation by a Finite clause
That- clauseThat- clause
That- clause as object That- clause as object
Subordinate verbs Subordinate verbs
Subjunctive verbs Subjunctive verbs
Putative “should” Putative “should”
Indicative verbs Indicative verbs
Super-ordinate verbs Super-ordinate verbs
E.g.: I insist that he shouldn’t smoke.
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Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Finite clauseMono-transitive verb complementation by a Finite clause
That- clauseThat- clause
That- clause as object That- clause as object
Subordinate verbs Subordinate verbs
Subjunctive verbs Subjunctive verbs
Putative “should” Putative “should”
Indicative verbs Indicative verbs
Super-ordinate verbs Super-ordinate verbs
E.g.: I require that he give up smoking.
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Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Non-finite clauseMono-transitive verb complementation by a Non-finite clause
Wh-infinitive clauseWh-infinitive clause
To-infinitive clauseTo-infinitive clause
Ing-participle clauseIng-participle clause
Without subjectWithout subjectWith subjectWith subject
To-infinitive clauseTo-infinitive clause
Ing-participle clauseIng-participle clause
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Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Non-finite clauseMono-transitive verb complementation by a Non-finite clause
Wh-infinitive clauseWh-infinitive clause
To-infinitive clauseTo-infinitive clause
Ing-participle clauseIng-participle clause
Without subjectWithout subjectWith subjectWith subject
To-infinitive clauseTo-infinitive clause
Ing-participle clauseIng-participle clauseE.g.: I don’t like the house to be left empty.
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Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Non-finite clauseMono-transitive verb complementation by a Non-finite clause
Wh-infinitive clauseWh-infinitive clause
To-infinitive clauseTo-infinitive clause
Ing-participle clauseIng-participle clause
Without subjectWithout subjectWith subjectWith subject
To-infinitive clauseTo-infinitive clause
Ing-participle clauseIng-participle clause
E.g.: I dislike him driving my car.
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Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Non-finite clauseMono-transitive verb complementation by a Non-finite clause
Wh-infinitive clauseWh-infinitive clause
To-infinitive clauseTo-infinitive clause
Ing-participle clauseIng-participle clause
Without subjectWithout subjectWith subjectWith subject
To-infinitive clauseTo-infinitive clause
Ing-participle clauseIng-participle clauseE.g.: Mary longed to leave home.
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Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Non-finite clauseMono-transitive verb complementation by a Non-finite clause
Wh-infinitive clauseWh-infinitive clause
To-infinitive clauseTo-infinitive clause
Ing-participle clauseIng-participle clause
Without subjectWithout subjectWith subjectWith subject
To-infinitive clauseTo-infinitive clause
Ing-participle clauseIng-participle clause
E.g.: Mary loves listening to music.
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Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Non-finite clauseMono-transitive verb complementation by a Non-finite clause
Wh-infinitive clauseWh-infinitive clause
To-infinitive clauseTo-infinitive clause
Ing-participle clauseIng-participle clause
Without subjectWithout subjectWith subjectWith subject
To-infinitive clauseTo-infinitive clause
Ing-participle clauseIng-participle clause
E.g.: He learned how to sail a boat as a small child.
You must not forget when to keep your mouth shut.
I could not decide (on) which bicycle to buy.
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Di-transitive complementation5
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Di-transitive verb complementation (SVOO)Di-transitive verb complementation (SVOO)
Od & Oi = NPOd & Oi = NP
Oi = NP, Od = non-finite clauseOi = NP, Od = non-finite clause
Oi = NP, Od = finite clauseOi = NP, Od = finite clause
Idiomatic expressions: V + NP + PrepIdiomatic expressions: V + NP + Prep
Di-transitive prepositional verbsDi-transitive prepositional verbs
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Di-transitive verb complementation (SVOO)Di-transitive verb complementation (SVOO)
Od & Oi = NPOd & Oi = NP
Oi = NP, Od = non-finite clauseOi = NP, Od = non-finite clause
Oi = NP, Od = finite clauseOi = NP, Od = finite clause
Idiomatic expressions: V + NP + PrepIdiomatic expressions: V + NP + Prep
Di-transitive prepositional verbsDi-transitive prepositional verbs
E.g.: He gave the girl a doll.
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Di-transitive verb complementation (SVOO)Di-transitive verb complementation (SVOO)
Od & Oi = NPOd & Oi = NP
Oi = NP, Od = non-finite clauseOi = NP, Od = non-finite clause
Oi = NP, Od = finite clauseOi = NP, Od = finite clause
Idiomatic expressions: V + NP + PrepIdiomatic expressions: V + NP + Prep
Di-transitive prepositional verbsDi-transitive prepositional verbs
E.g.: He persuaded me to give up smoking.
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Di-transitive verb complementation (SVOO)Di-transitive verb complementation (SVOO)
Od & Oi = NPOd & Oi = NP
Oi = NP, Od = non-finite clauseOi = NP, Od = non-finite clause
Oi = NP, Od = finite clauseOi = NP, Od = finite clause
Idiomatic expressions: V + NP + PrepIdiomatic expressions: V + NP + Prep
Di-transitive prepositional verbsDi-transitive prepositional verbs
E.g.: He convinced me that he was right.
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Di-transitive verb complementation (SVOO)Di-transitive verb complementation (SVOO)
Od & Oi = NPOd & Oi = NP
Oi = NP, Od = non-finite clauseOi = NP, Od = non-finite clause
Oi = NP, Od = finite clauseOi = NP, Od = finite clause
Idiomatic expressions: V + NP + PrepIdiomatic expressions: V + NP + Prep
Di-transitive prepositional verbsDi-transitive prepositional verbs
• verbs combined with certain NPs followed by prepositions
two passive forms of the sentence• these expressions include: catch sight of, make fun of, take account of, give way to, etc. E.g.: They make best use of the garage. The garage is made best use of. Best use is made of the garage.
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Di-transitive verb complementation (SVOO)Di-transitive verb complementation (SVOO)
Od & Oi = NPOd & Oi = NP
Oi = NP, Od = non-finite clauseOi = NP, Od = non-finite clause
Oi = NP, Od = finite clauseOi = NP, Od = finite clause
Idiomatic expressions: V + NP + PrepIdiomatic expressions: V + NP + Prep
Di-transitive prepositional verbsDi-transitive prepositional verbs
• Od introduced by a preposition• one passive form with Oi only• these verbs include: remind of, charge with, compare
to, rob of, refer to, etc. E.g.: He reminds me of the agreement. I am reminded of the agreement.• Exceptions for: explain, provide, supply, blame, etc. E.g.: He explained it to me. It was explained to me. I was explained about it.
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Complex-transitive complementation6
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Complex-transitive verb complementation (SVOA - SVOC)Complex-transitive verb complementation (SVOA - SVOC)
Adjectival Object Complement (Co)Adjectival Object Complement (Co)
Nominal CoNominal Co
AdverbialsAdverbials
To-infinitiveTo-infinitive
Bare-infinitiveBare-infinitive
Ing-clauseIng-clause
Ed-clauseEd-clause
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Complex-transitive verb complementation (SVOdA - SVOdC)
Complex-transitive verb complementation (SVOdA - SVOdC)
Adjectival Object Complement (Co)Adjectival Object Complement (Co)
Nominal CoNominal Co
AdverbialsAdverbials
To-infinitiveTo-infinitive
Bare-infinitiveBare-infinitive
Ing-clauseIng-clause
Ed-clauseEd-clause
E.g.: He drives me crazy.
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Complex-transitive verb complementation (SVOdA - SVOdC)
Complex-transitive verb complementation (SVOdA - SVOdC)
Adjectival Object Complement (Co)Adjectival Object Complement (Co)
Nominal CoNominal Co
AdverbialsAdverbials
To-infinitiveTo-infinitive
Bare-infinitiveBare-infinitive
Ing-clauseIng-clause
Ed-clauseEd-clause
E.g.: The Queen appointed William her personal secretary.
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Complex-transitive verb complementation (SVOdA - SVOdC)
Complex-transitive verb complementation (SVOdA - SVOdC)
Adjectival Object Complement (Co)Adjectival Object Complement (Co)
Nominal CoNominal Co
AdverbialsAdverbials
To-infinitiveTo-infinitive
Bare-infinitiveBare-infinitive
Ing-clauseIng-clause
Ed-clauseEd-clause
• Adverbials are obligatory.
E.g.: Take your hands out of your pocket.
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Complex-transitive verb complementation (SVOdA - SVOdC)
Complex-transitive verb complementation (SVOdA - SVOdC)
Adjectival Object Complement (Co)Adjectival Object Complement (Co)
Nominal CoNominal Co
AdverbialsAdverbials
To-infinitiveTo-infinitive
Bare-infinitiveBare-infinitive
Ing-clauseIng-clause
Ed-clauseEd-clause
E.g.: John believed the stranger to be a policeman.
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Complex-transitive complementation6
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Complex-transitive verb complementation (SVOdA - SVOdC)
Complex-transitive verb complementation (SVOdA - SVOdC)
Adjectival Object Complement (Co)Adjectival Object Complement (Co)
Nominal CoNominal Co
AdverbialsAdverbials
To-infinitiveTo-infinitive
Bare-infinitiveBare-infinitive
Ing-clauseIng-clause
Ed-clauseEd-clause
E.g.: You shouldn't let your family interfere with our plans.
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Complex-transitive complementation6
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Complex-transitive verb complementation (SVOdA - SVOdC)
Complex-transitive verb complementation (SVOdA - SVOdC)
Adjectival Object Complement (Co)Adjectival Object Complement (Co)
Nominal CoNominal Co
AdverbialsAdverbials
To-infinitiveTo-infinitive
Bare-infinitiveBare-infinitive
Ing-clauseIng-clause
Ed-clauseEd-clause
E.g.: Tim watched Bill mending the lamp.
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Complex-transitive complementation6
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Complex-transitive verb complementation (SVOdA - SVOdC)
Complex-transitive verb complementation (SVOdA - SVOdC)
Adjectival Object Complement (Co)Adjectival Object Complement (Co)
Nominal CoNominal Co
AdverbialsAdverbials
To-infinitiveTo-infinitive
Bare-infinitiveBare-infinitive
Ing-clauseIng-clause
Ed-clauseEd-clause
E.g.: They found him worn out by travel and exertion.
ed-clauseed-clause
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That’s the end of unit 5.