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Today’s lecture: plant morphology
Vegetative morphology
Reproductive morphology
Vegetative vs. reproductive morphology
Growth, development, photosynthesis, support Not involved in sexual reproduction
Sexual reproduction
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Seed = a dormant young plant in which development is arrested. Cotyledon (seed leaf) = leaf developed at the first node of the embryonic stem; present in the seed prior to germination.
Vegetative morphology: seeds
Vegetative morphology: roots
radicle primary roots
taproot fibrous roots adventitious roots
Water and mineral uptake
stem secondary roots
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Vegetative morphology: roots
Facilitate vegetative spread
Food storage Symbiosis/parasitism
Allow dormancy Increase nutrient availability
adventitious roots
stem secondary roots
Modified roots
Vegetative morphology: stems
plumule primary shoot
node
internode
leaf
apical bud
lateral (axillary) bud stipule
lateral shoot
Support, vertical elongation
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Vegetative morphology: stems
Vascular tissue = specialized cells transporting water and nutrients Secondary growth = vascular cell division, resulting in increased girth
Vegetative morphology: stems
Secondary growth = vascular cell division, resulting in increased girth
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Vegetative morphology: stems
Asexual (vegetative) reproduction
Stems elongating laterally, producing adventitious roots and lateral shoots
Modified stems
Stolon: above ground
Rhizome: below ground
Vegetative morphology: stems
Stems not elongating, packed with carbohydrates
Food storage
Modified stems
Corm: stem is storage organ
Bulb: leaves are storage organs
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Vegetative morphology: stems
Rhizomes may also store food
Tuber: fleshy, swollen outgrowth from rhizome
Vegetative morphology: stems
Stems with spines are said to be “armed”
Spines may be derived from shoots, leaves, or stipules
Photosynthesis
Modified stems
Protection
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Vegeta&ve(morphology:(leaves(
blade (lamina)
petiole
midvein (midrib)
margin
base
apex
secondary vein
Photosynthesis
Vegetative morphology: leaves
reticulate (net-veined) parallel
Leaf veination
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Vegetative morphology: leaves
Leaf shape
Vegetative morphology: leaves
Leaf type (sometimes called leaf arrangement)
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Vegetative morphology: leaves
All basal (basal rosette)
Inflorescence = structural arrangement of flowers
Reproductive morphology: inflorescences
raceme corymb
umbel
spike
head (capitulum)
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Inflorescence = structural arrangement of flowers
Reproductive morphology: inflorescences
panicle
Reproductive morphology: flowers
Keith Jones; seasonalwildflowers.com
Floral morphology
petals = corolla
sepals = calyx = perianth
receptacle peduncle (pedicel)
male organs = androecium
female organs = gynoecium
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Reproductive morphology: flowers
Floral morphology
filament
ovary
receptacle peduncle (pedicel)
petals = corolla
sepals = calyx = perianth
anther = stamen
style stigma
= pistil
Reproductive morphology: flowers
Floral morphology
… encompasses a wide range of variation
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• complete = all four whorls present. • incomplete = one or more whorls missing. • perfect = both reproductive whorls present; bisexual. • imperfect = one reproductive whorl missing; unisexual.
Reproductive morphology: flowers
monoecious = plants with imperfect (unisexual) flowers; both sexes on the same plant. dioecious = plants with imperfect (unisexual) flowers; each sex on a separate plant.
radial symmetry bilateral symmetry
Reproductive morphology: flowers
Floral symmetry
actinomorphic (“regular”) zygomorphic (“irregular”)
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Reproductive morphology: flowers
Fusion like parts: connate; unlike parts: adnate
petals free petals connate polypetalous gamopetalous
Ovary superior (hypogynous)
Ovary inferior (epigynous)
Ovary superior (perigynous)
Ovary inferior (epigynous or perigynous)
Reproductive morphology: flowers
Ovary position
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Pistils are composed of carpels
1 carpel = 1 simple pistil
Multiple free carpels = multiple simple pistils
Multiple fused carpels = 1 compound pistil
Reproductive morphology: flowers
Marginal Parietal Axile
Free-central Basal
Placentation
Reproductive morphology: flowers
ovule placenta
locule septum
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Reproductive morphology: flowers
fruit = mature ovary; seed = mature ovule
Reproductive morphology: fruits
Once the ovules are fertilized, flowers become fruits.
Gymnosperm = naked seed Angiosperm = clothed seed
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Reproductive morphology: fruits
Fruit summary Simple fruits (from a single flower)
Dry fruits Dehiscent fruits (splitting open, generally many seeded)
follicle: from single carpel, splitting along 1 suture capsule: from multiple carpels, splitting variously
Indehiscent fruits (not splitting open, generally single seeded)
achene: from single carpel, single seeded samara: winged achene nut: from multiple carpels, single seeded, fruit walls are thick, bony schizocarp: from multiple carpels, splitting into 1-seeded segments
Fleshy fruits
drupe: from single carpel, single seeded berry: from multiple carpels, many seeded
Aggregate fruits (from multiple separate carpels of one flower) e.g.: strawberry –aggregate of achenes magnolia fruit –aggregate of follicles blackberry –aggregate of drupelets Multiple fruits (from multiple separate flowers) e.g.: pineapple
Reproductive morphology: fruits