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Seed Plant Structure &Function
Seed Plant Overview:
Two basic parts:
1. Shootsystem - above ground andincludes organs such as leaves, buds,stems, flowers, and fruits
2. The root system- below ground and
includes roots as well as modifiedstem structures such as tubers and
rhizomes
Melanie P. Medecilo
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Plant Habit
Herb - plant with annual above-groundparts
Geophyte - perennial herb with
rootstockVine elongate, weak stem
Liana - woody vine
Shrub - woody, multiple stems from baseSubshrub - woody just above ground
Tree - woody, one trunk
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Plant Habitat
1. Terrestrial growing on land
2. Aquatic growing on watera. emersed occuring under water
b. floating occuring at the water
surface
c. emergent having roots or stemsanchored to the substrate under water
and aerial shoots growing above water
3. Epiphytic growing on another plant
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Root SystemRoots have 3 main
functions:
(1)anchor plants
(2) absorb and conductwater & minerals
(3) store food
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root
shoot
root tip
root apicalmeristem
root cap
root hairs
lateral roots
ROOT STRUCTURES
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propfibrous
adventitiousroots
taproot
primaryroot
lateralroot
haustorial
parasite
host
Root Types / Parts
Root Types/Parts
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Tap root
The first root toemerge from themost seeds iscalled the primaryroot or taproot &can grow deep toreach water
Taproots may storefood (carrot &beet)
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storage roots Raphanus sativus, radish
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Root Types/Parts
buttress roots Ficus rubiginosa, rusty-leaved fig
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Root Types/Parts
pneumatophores Avicennia germinans, black mangrove
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Root Types/Parts
prop roots (also adventitious)
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Fibrous roots
Monocots have highlybranched, roots calledfibrous roots that
grow near the surface& spread out to collectwater
Fibrous roots such as
in grasses often helpprevent erosion
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Shoot
Stem + associated leaves
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Stem
S
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Stem typesBulb shoot consists of vertical tissue and a
massive quantity of thick fleshy storage
leavesCorm shoot consist of globose stem tissue
surrounded by scanty, scale-like leaves
Caudex rootstock consist ofundifferentiated but vertically oriented stem
Rhizome stem is horizontal with shortinternodes and bearing scale-like leaves
Tuber shoot consist of thick bearing outerbuds and lacking surrounding storageleaves or protective scales
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Stem (Shoot) Types
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Stem (Shoot) Types
St h bit
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Stem habitrelative position of the stem or shoot basedon stem structure, growth and orientation
Caulescent plant with above-ground stem
Acaulescent plant lacking an above-groundstem
Arborescent treelike in appearance and size
Frutescent shrub with numerous, woody, aerialtrunks
Suffrutescent subshrub being woody at the
base and herbaceous apicallyCespitose multiple aerial but short-stemmed
shoots arise from the base, forming a much-
branched cushion
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Stem habit of vines
Clambering (scandent) sprawling acrossobjects without specialized climbing stems
Climbing growing upwards by means of
tendrils, petioles, or adventitious rootsa. prostrate trailing or lying flat not
rooting at the nodes
b. repent creeping or lying flat androoting at the nodes
c. decumbent basally prostrate butapically ascending
Stem Habit
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Stem (Shoot) Types
Stem Habit
=relative position of stem (+ growth, structure)
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Monopodial if the stem axis is derivedfrom growth of a single apical
meristem
Sympodial if the stem axis is made upof numerous units that are derived
from separate apical meristems
Dichotomous a single apicalmeristem divides equally into branches
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Stem Branching Pattern
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LEAVES
Primary photosynthetic organs ofplants
Main site of transpiration
Derived from leaf primordia of the
shoot apex
Dorsiventrally flattened
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Leaf Type / Parts
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Leaf Attachment
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Leaf Attachment
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Leaf Attachment
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Leaf Attachment
Leaf Venation
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Leaf Venation
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References
Mader, S. 2008. Biology 9th
edition. McGraw Hill Book
Company, U.S.A.Simpson, M. 2010. Plant
Systematics. Elsevier Press,USA.