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Vegetable Production in TurkeyI. Genes and Seeds
Prof. Dr. Yüksel TüzelAssoc. Prof. Dr. Eftal Düzyaman
Ege UniversityFaculty of AgricultureDepartment of HorticultureBornova – Izmir / Turkey
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Outlook
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Eftal Düzyaman• Genetic material• Vegetable production• Seed & breeding industry
Prof. Dr. Yüksel Tüzel• Greenhouse production overview• Pesticide use, ferticlization• Further developments & conclusions
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Short History of Turkey
• Agriculture is a tradition
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35 % of the population lives in rural areas14 % of the national income is from agriculture
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Short History of Turkey
• Agriculture is a tradition• Ottoman Empire & First years of the
Republic– Empire & Governmental professions– Farmers
– Soldiers– Artists
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Short History of Turkey
• Agriculture is a tradition• Ottoman Empire & First years of the
Republic– Empire & Gowernmental professions– Farmers
– Soldiers– Artists
• Later development of other professions
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Turkey as a gene center
• Straddles the Mediterranean and theMiddle East gene centres
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Mediterranean and Near
East gene centers are
overlapping in Anatolia
Mediterranean Near East
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Turkey as a gene center
• Straddles the Mediterranean and theMiddle East gene centres
• Meeting point of continents
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Turkey as a gene center
• Straddles the Mediterranean and theMiddle East gene centres
• Meeting point of continents• High biodiversity
– Native / endemic
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•• Turkey ranks Turkey ranks ninthninth in terms in terms of richness of biodiversityof richness of biodiversity
•• Over 33% of its flora are Over 33% of its flora are endemic speciesendemic species
•• Approx. 75 % of all wild plant Approx. 75 % of all wild plant species of Europe are also a species of Europe are also a part of the Turkish florapart of the Turkish flora
High BiodiversityHigh Biodiversity
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Domesticated einkorn, emmer, wheat, barley, pea, lentil, flax
Erbaba(Beyşehir)
6000-5000
Domesticated: einkorn, emmer, wheat, barley, pea, flax
Çatalhöyük(Konya)
6000-5000
Wild: einkorn;Domesticated: einkorn, emmer, wheat, barley, lentil, flax
Can Hasan(Karaman)
6500
Wild: einkorn;Domesticated: emmer
Hacılar(Burdur)
6750
Wild: einkorn (Triticummonococcum), emmer (T. dicoccum), barley;Domesticated: einkorn, emmer, pea, lentil, vetch, flax
Çayönü(Diyarbakır)
7200-6500
CropAreaPeriod (BD)
Archeological findings for crop domestication
•Turkey is the origin or micro-gene center of manycereals and somevegetables
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The Fertile Crescent
Turkey
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Land races and varieties
• Cross roads of trade & commerce– Including silkroad
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Land races and varieties
• Cross roads of trade & commerce– Including silkroad
• Accumulation of genetic productionmaterial for 100’s or may be 1000’s of years
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Land races and varieties
• Cross roads of trade & commerce– Including silkroad
• Accumulation of genetic productionmaterial for 100’s or may be 1000’s of years
• Formation multitude of land races with vernacular names
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Advantages of production
• Climatic advantages– Black, Aegean and Medditerranean Sea
– Including territorial parts
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Euro-Siberian
Mediterranean
Irano-Turanian
MediterraneanIrano-Turanian
PhytogeographicPhytogeographic RegionsRegions
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Advantages of production
• Climatic advantages– Black, Aegean and Medditerranean Sea
– Including territorial parts
• Mountenous regions and lowlands– Including low quality areas
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Advantages of production
• Climatic advantages– Black, Aegean and Medditerranean Sea
– Including territorial parts
• Mountenous regions and lowlands– Including low quality areas
• Selection for various stress and other traits– Salinity, drought– Fruit quality
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Salinity Stress in okra
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Germplasm collection
• Starting from 1960’s• Research Centers• Universities• Other countries
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Seed banking
• İzmir– Aegean Agrciultural Research Center– mainly vegetables
• Ankara– Creal Research Institute– Mainly creals
• New Seed Bank (in Ankara)– With a capacity of 250 000 seed samples– Ranking 3rd after gene banks USA and China
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Turkey Today
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Turkey today
• Production of 27.2 million tonnes of vegetables per year– Approx. 3% of world vegetable production
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Turkey today
• Production of 27.2 million tonnes of vegetables per year– Approx. 3% of world vegetable production
• Ranks 3rd, 4th after USA, China and India
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Turkey today
• Production of 27.2 million tonnes of vegetables per year– Approx. 3% of world vegetable production
• Ranks 3rd, 4th after USA, China and India• Ranks first for vegetable consumption per
person– 275 kg vegetables/person/year
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Turkey today
• Production of 27.2 million tonnes of vegetables per year– Approx. 3% of world vegetable production
• Ranks 3rd, 4th after USA, China and India• Ranks first for vegetable consumption per
person– 275 kg vegetables/person/year
• Above the WHO and FAO standards
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Problems of vegetable production
• Majority small fields
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Problems of vegetable production
• Majority small fields• Mostly a production with familiy members
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Open air fresh
tomato production
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Hand harvest
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Problems of vegetable production
• Majority small fields• Mostly a production with familiy members• Low quality standards
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Problems of vegetable production
• Majority small fields• Mostly a production with familiy members• Low quality standards• Pesticide residues
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Problems of vegetable production
• Majority small fields• Mostly a production with familiy members• Low quality standards• Pesticide residues• Insuficient certification
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Problems of vegetable production
• Majority small fields• Mostly a production with familiy members• Low quality standards• Pesticide residues• Insuficient certification• Insuficient traceability
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Uses & Export
• 1 million tonnes/year exported– Almost doubled in the last 3 years
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Uses & Export
• 1 million tonnes/year exported– Almost doubled in the last 3 years
• Almost %20 used as raw material in vegetable industry
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Vegetable Industry (beginning)
• Since 1960
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Vegetable Industry (beginning)
• Since 1960• Chronologically
– Tomato– Pepper
– Snap bean– Okra
– Artichoke
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Vegetable industry (today)
• Almost all type of vegetables processed
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Vegetable industry (today)
• Almost all type of vegetables processed• Canned products
– Paste production– Roasted
– Sauce– Pickling
– Brining
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Vegetable industry (today)
• Almost all type of vegetables processed• Canned products
– Paste production– Roasted
– Sauce– Pickling
– Brining
• Deep frozen products
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Vegetable industry (today)
• Almost all type of vegetables processed• Canned products
– Paste production– Roasted– Sauce– Pickling– Brining
• Deep freezed products• Dried products
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Processing Industry
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dicedpeeled paste
Some samples for processed tomato products
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Sun-dried tomatoes
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Problems of vegetable industry
• Majority smal-scale companies
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Problems of vegetable industry
• Majority smal-scale companies• Less competitivness
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Problems of vegetable industry
• Majority smal-scale companies• Less competitivness• High input costs
– Raw material vegetables, energy etc.
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Problems of vegetable industry
• Majority smal-scale companies• Less competitivness• High input costs
– Raw material vegetables, energy etc.
• Low brand / trademark development forthe foreign market
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Problems of vegetable industry
• Majority smal-scale companies• Less competitivness• High input costs
– Raw material vegetables, energy etc.
• Low brand / trademark development forthe foreign market
• Insufficient research and development
![Page 73: Vegetable Production in Turkey I. Genes and Seeds · Vegetable Production in Turkey I. Genes and Seeds Prof. Dr. Yüksel Tüzel Assoc. Prof. Dr. Eftal Düzyaman Ege University Faculty](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042911/5f42f4d658ddd251dd058551/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Problems of vegetable industry
• Majority smal-scale companies• Less competitivness• High input costs
– Raw material vegetables, energy etc.
• Low brand / trademark development forthe foreign market
• Insufficient research and development• Insufficient technical support
![Page 74: Vegetable Production in Turkey I. Genes and Seeds · Vegetable Production in Turkey I. Genes and Seeds Prof. Dr. Yüksel Tüzel Assoc. Prof. Dr. Eftal Düzyaman Ege University Faculty](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042911/5f42f4d658ddd251dd058551/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Seed Production & Breeding
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Production material
• Approx. 4 000 tonnes of vegetable seedsare used yearly for production
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Production material
• Approx. 4 000 tonnes of vegetable seedsare used yearly for production
• %52 own production
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Production material
• Approx. 4 000 tonnes of vegetable seedsare used yearly for production
• %52 own production• %48 imported from various countries eg.
Holland, USA, Isreal
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Production material
• Approx. 4 000 tonnes of vegetable seedsare used yearly for production
• %52 own production• %48 imported from various countries eg.
Holland, USA, Isreal• Vegetable seeds are almost exclusively
prduced by the privat seed and breedingcompanies (As opposite to creals seeds)
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Most do theirown R&D
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Closecontact andcollaborationwithresearchersandprofessors
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Introductionof theirproduct in exhibitions
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Problems of seed and breedingcompanies
• Low use of land races for breeding– Novel traits
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Problems of seed and breedingcompanies
• Low use of land races for breeding– Novel traits
• Heavy use of old cultivars– Narrow genetic base
![Page 90: Vegetable Production in Turkey I. Genes and Seeds · Vegetable Production in Turkey I. Genes and Seeds Prof. Dr. Yüksel Tüzel Assoc. Prof. Dr. Eftal Düzyaman Ege University Faculty](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042911/5f42f4d658ddd251dd058551/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
Problems of seed and breedingcompanies
• Low use of land races for breeding– Novel traits
• Heavy use of old cultivars– Narrow genetic base
• Insufficient technical support– Limited collaboration with researchers
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THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION