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Vegetable oil economyFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Vegetable oil economy deals with the potential ofvegetable oilto replacefossil fuelsin the economy and how
it compares to other potential replacements. Vegetable oils are the basis ofbiodiesel, which can be used likeconventionaldiesel. Somevegetable oil blendsare used in unmodified vehicles, butstraight vegetable
oilneeds specially prepared vehicles which have a method of heating the oil to reduce itsviscosityandsurface
tension. Another alternative isvegetable oil refining.
The availability ofbiodiesel around the worldis increasing, although still tiny compared to otherfossil
fuelsources. There is significant research inalgaculturemethods to makebiofuel from algae.
Concerns have been expressed about growing crops for fuel use rather than food and the environmental
impacts of large scale agriculture and land clearing required to expand the production of vegetable oil for fuel
use. These effects/impacts would need to be specifically researched and evaluated, economically and
ecologically, and weighed in balance with the proposed benefits of vegetable oil fuel in relation to the use of
other fuel sources.
Attribution: Soybean Board of Nebraska[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Future of energy for world economy
2 Net CO2 or greenhouse gas production
3 Safety
4 Generation and storage
5 Type of vegetable oil
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6 Transportation
7 Electricity generation
8 Market, cost, price, and taxes
9 Production in sufficient quantity
10 Environmental effects
11 Food vs fuel debate
12 Algae for vegetable oil production
13 See also
14 References
15 External links
[edit]Future of energy for world economy
There is a limited amount offossil fuelinside theEarth. Since the currentworld energy resources and
consumptionis mainly fossil fuels, we are very dependent on them for bothtransportationandelectric power
generation. TheHubbert peak theorypredicts thatoil depletionwill result in oil production dropping off in the
not too distant future. As time goes on our economy will have to transition to somealternative fuels. Fossil fuels
have solved two problems which could be separately solved in the future: the problem of a source ofprimary
energyand ofenergy storage. Along withstraight vegetable oilandbiodiesel, some energy technologies that
could play an important part in the future include:
hydrogen economy
methanol fuel
ethanol fuel
lithium economy
zinc-air battery
liquid nitrogen economy
synthetic fuel
solar energy/photovoltaics
nuclear power (fission power)
fusion power
wind power
compressed air energy storage
flywheel energy storage
biofuel
[edit]Net CO2 or greenhouse gas production
Plants usesunlightandphotosynthesisto takecarbon dioxide(CO2) out of theEarth's atmospheretomakevegetable oil. The same CO2 is then put back after it is burned in an engine. Thus vegetable oil does not
increase the CO2 in the atmosphere, and does not directly contribute to the problem ofgreenhouse gas. It is
really a way of catching and storingsolar energy; it is arenewable energy.
However, as with other "renewable" energy sources, there may be a (relatively small) carbon footprint
associated with production or distribution of vegetable oil.
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[edit]Safety
Plantains frying in vegetable oil
Vegetable oilis far less toxic than other fuels such asgasoline, petroleum-baseddiesel,ethanol, ormethanol,
and has a much higherflash point(approximately 275-290 C)[2]. The higher flash point reduces the risk of
accidentalignition. Some types of vegetable oil areedible.
[edit]Generation and storage
Technologies ofhydrogen economy,batteries,compressed air energy storage, andflywheel energy
storageaddress theenergy storageproblem but not the source ofprimary energy. Other technologies
likefission power,fusion power, andsolar poweraddress the problem of a source ofprimary energybut
notenergy storage. Vegetable oil addresses both the source ofprimary energyand ofenergy storage. The cost
and weight to store a given amount of energy as vegetable oil is low compared to many of the potential
replacements forfossil fuels.
[edit]Type of vegetable oil
Thelist of vegetable oilsarticle discusses which types of vegetable oil are used for fuel and where different
types are grown.
[edit]Transportation
Vegetable oil is used for transportation in four different ways:
Vegetable oil blends- Mixing vegetable oil with diesel lets users get some of the advantages of burning
vegetable oil and is often done with no modification to the vehicle.[3]
Biodiesel- If vegetable oil istransesterifiedit becomesbiodiesel. Biodiesel burns like normal diesel and
works fine in any diesel engine. The name just indicates that the fuel came from vegetable oil.
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wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fryingplantains10-28-06.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fryingplantains10-28-06.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodieselhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transesterifiedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodieselhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_economy#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_blendshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vegetable_oil_economy&action=edit§ion=6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_vegetable_oils#Oils_used_for_biofuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vegetable_oil_economy&action=edit§ion=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuelshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_storagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_storagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusion_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fission_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_storagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flywheel_energy_storagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flywheel_energy_storagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressed_air_energy_storagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_(electricity)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_economyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vegetable_oil_economy&action=edit§ion=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ediblehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combustionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_economy#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_pointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasolinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantainshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vegetable_oil_economy&action=edit§ion=3 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Straight vegetable oil- Straight vegetable oil works in diesel engines if it is heated first.[4]Some diesel
engines already heat their fuel, others need a small electric heater on the fuel line. How well it works
depends on the heating system, the engine, the type of vegetable oil (thinner is easier), and the climate
(warmer is easier). Some data is available on results users are seeing.[5]As vegetable oil has become more
popular as a fuel, engines are being designed to handle it better. TheElsbettengine is designed to run on
straight vegetable oil.[6]However, as of the start of 2007, it seems that there are not any production
vehicles warrantied for burning straight vegetable oil, althoughDeutzoffer a tractor andJohn Deereare
known to be in late stages of engine development. There is a German rapeseed oil fuel
standardDIN51605. At this point straight vegetable oil is only a niche market although the market
segment in Germany is rapidly growing with large haulage vehicle fleets adopting the fuel, largely for
economic reasons. A growing number of decentralised oil mills provide a large part of this fuel.[7]
Vegetable oil refining- Vegetable oil can be used as feedstock for anoil refinery. There it can be
transformed into fuel byhydrocracking(which breaks big molecules into smaller ones using hydrogen)orhydrogenation(which adds hydrogen to molecules). These methods can producegasoline,diesel,
orpropane. Some commercial examples of vegetable oil refining areNExBTL,H-Bio, and the
ConocoPhilips Process.[8]
The transition can start withbiodiesel,vegetable oil refining, andvegetable oil blends, since these technologies
do not require the capital outlay of converting an engine to run on vegetable oils. Because it costs to convert
vegetable oil into biodiesel it is expected that vegetable oil will always be cheaper than biodiesel. After there
are production cars that can usestraight vegetable oiland a standard type available at gas stations, consumers
will probably choose straight vegetable oil to save money. So the transition to vegetable oil can happen
gradually.
[edit]Electricity generation
Other methods, likenuclear power,fusion power,wind powerandsolar power, may provide cheaper electricity,
so vegetable oil may only be used inpeaking power plantsand small power plants, as diesel is limited to today.
There is at least one 5 MW power plant that runs on biodiesel.[9].MAN B&W Diesel,Wrtsiland other
companies produce engines suitable for power generation that can be fueled withpure plant oils.
[edit]Market, cost, price, and taxes
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.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_economy#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peaking_power_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusion_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vegetable_oil_economy&action=edit§ion=7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight_vegetable_oilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_blendshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_refininghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodieselhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_economy#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H-Biohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NExBTLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasolinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocrackinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_refineryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_refininghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_economy#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsches_Institut_f%C3%BCr_Normunghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Deere_tractorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_economy#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsbetthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_economy#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_economy#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight_vegetable_oil 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In some countries, filling stations sell bio-diesel more cheaply than conventional diesel.
Availability ofbiodiesel around the Worldis increasing. It is estimated that by 2010 the market for biodiesel will
be 7.5 billion litres (2 billion USgallons) in the U.S and 9.5 billion litres (2.5 billion USgallons) in
Europe.[10]Biodiesel currently has 3% of the diesel market in Germany and is the number 1 alternative
fuel.[11]The German government has a Biofuels Roadmap in which they expect to reach 10% biofuels by 2010
with the diesel 10% coming from fuel made from vegetable oil.[12]
From 2005 to 2007 a number of types of vegetable oil have doubled in price. The rise in vegetable oil prices is
largely attributed to biofuel demand.[13]
Much of the fuel price at the pump is due tofuel tax. If you buy vegetable oil at the grocery store it does not
have such high taxes. So at times people have bought vegetable oil at the store for their cars because it was
cheaper. They did this in spite of the fact that packaging by the gallon adds to the cost and it was illegal to use
in a car since no fuel tax had been paid on it.[14]
Since vegetable oil (even as biodiesel) does not contribute togreenhouse gas, governments may tax it much
less than gasoline as they have done withethanol.[15]This would help them reachKyoto protocoltargets.
[edit]Production in sufficient quantity
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AfricanOil Palm (Elaeis guineensis
The World production of vegetable oil seed is forecast to be 418 million tonnes in 2008/09. After pressing this
will make 131 million tonnes of vegetable oil.[16]Much of this is fromOil Palm, andpalm oilproduction is
growing at 5% per year. At about 7.5 lb/USgal (900 g/L) this is about 38 billion USgallons (144 billion L).
Currently vegetable oil is mostly used in food and some industrial uses with a small percentage used as fuel.
The major fuel usage is by conversion to biodiesel with about 3 billion US gallons (11,000,000 m3) in 2009.[17]
In 2004 the US consumed 530 billion litres (140 billion USgal) of gasoline and 150 billion litres (40 billion
USgal) of diesel.[18]Inbiodieselit saysoil palmproduces 5940 litres per hectare (635 USgal/acre) ofpalm
oileach year. To make 180 billion US gallons (680,000,000 m3) of vegetable oil each year would require
1,150,000 square kilometres (440,000 sq mi) or a square of land 1,070 kilometres (660 mi) on a side.
"The gradual move from oil has begun. Over the next 15 to 20 years we may see biofuels providing a full 25
percent of the world's energy needs. While the move is good for reducing greenhouse emissions, soaring oil
prices have encouraged most countries to 'go green' by switching to greater use of biofuels." - Alexander
Mller, Assistant Director-General of Sustainable Development at the FAO.[19]
Algaculturecould potentially produce far more oil per unit area.[20]Results from pilot algaculture projects using
sterile CO2 from power plant smokestacks look promising.
Genetic modifications to soybeansare already being used. Genetic modifications and breeding can increase
vegetable oil yields. From 1979 to 2005 the soybean yield in bushels per acre more than doubled.[21]A
company has developed a variety ofcamelina sativathat yields 20% more oil than the standard variety.[22]
[edit]Environmental effects
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Jungle burned for agriculture in southern Mexico.
There is concern that the current growing demand for vegetable oil is causingdeforestation, with old forests
being replaced withoil palms.[23]When land is cleared it is often burned, which releases lots of CO2. Vegetable
oil production would have to increase substantially to replace gasoline and diesel. With current technology such
an increase in production would have a substantial environmental impact.[24]
[edit]Food vs fuel debate
Main article:Food vs fuel
In some poor countries the rising price of vegetable oil is causing problems.[25][26]There are those that say using
a food crop for fuel sets up competition between food in poor countries and fuel in rich countries. Some
propose that fuel only be made from non-edible vegetable oils likejatropha oil. Others argue that the problem is
more fundamental. Thelaw of supply and demandpredicts that if fewer farmers are producing food the price of
food will rise. It may take some time, as farmers can take some time to change which things they are growing,but increasing demand for biofuels is likely to result in price increases for many kinds of food. Some have
pointed out that there are poor farmers and poor countries making more money because of the higher price of
vegetable oil.[27]
With the use of non-edible vegetable oils produced by trees such asMillettia Pinnata(formerly Pongamia
Pinnata)or theMoringa oleiferatree, both which grow on borderline or non-arable land, the food versus fuel
debate becomes less of an either/or question.
Apart from their facility of growing in non-arable and/or marginal land, these trees offer major advantages over
peanut, soy-bean, sunflower, etc., in that they have long lives (up to 100 years), very low maintenance (since
the intensive husbandry is limited to the first few years of their producing lives) and can provide cash-crops to
rural areas, such as rural India. In the case of Millettia Pinnata and a few others, the fact that they are nitrogen-
fixing legumes is another very important factor, in that they do not deplete the soil.
Among other benefits of these trees is that they have root-systems that penetrate much deeper and do not
compete with shallow-rooted plants, like grass (once the trees have attained a certain maturity). This means
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deforestationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deforestationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deforestationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_palmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_palmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_economy#cite_note-autogenerated2-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_economy#cite_note-autogenerated2-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_economy#cite_note-autogenerated2-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_economy#cite_note-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_economy#cite_note-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_economy#cite_note-23http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vegetable_oil_economy&action=edit§ion=11http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vegetable_oil_economy&action=edit§ion=11http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vegetable_oil_economy&action=edit§ion=11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_vs_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_vs_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_vs_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_economy#cite_note-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_economy#cite_note-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_economy#cite_note-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jatropha_oilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jatropha_oilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jatropha_oilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_supply_and_demandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_supply_and_demandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_supply_and_demandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_economy#cite_note-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_economy#cite_note-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_economy#cite_note-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millettia_pinnatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millettia_pinnatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millettia_pinnatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moringa_oleiferahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moringa_oleiferahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moringa_oleiferahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lacanja_burn.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lacanja_burn.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lacanja_burn.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lacanja_burn.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moringa_oleiferahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millettia_pinnatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_economy#cite_note-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_supply_and_demandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jatropha_oilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_economy#cite_note-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_economy#cite_note-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_vs_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vegetable_oil_economy&action=edit§ion=11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_economy#cite_note-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_economy#cite_note-autogenerated2-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_palmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deforestation -
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that the land can be used for multiple purposes, such as grazing for animals. Yet another benefit of using
Millettia Pinnata to produce bio-diesel is that it can tolerate low rainfall (as little as 250 ml per year), far below
what most food-crops require, thus reducing yet more their potential to compete.[28][29][30][31]
[edit]Algae for vegetable oil production
Main article:biofuel from algae
Some species of algae contain as much as 50% vegetable oil. Algae have very high growth rates compared to
plants normally used to produce vegetable oil. Potentially algae could produce much more oil per area of land
than current farming methods.[20]So producing vegetable oil this way should result in less deforestation and
less competition for food production land. One expert wrote: "As demonstrated here, microalgal biodiesel is
technically feasible. It is the only renewable biodiesel that can potentially completely displace liquid fuels
derived from petroleum. Economics of producing microalgal biodiesel need to improve substantially to make it
competitive with petrodiesel, but the level of improvement necessary appears to be attainable. "[32]
Where there is existing electricity generation using fossil fuels, there is a source of sterile CO2. This
makesalgaculturemuch easier. To grow algae you need lots of CO2, but if you get it from air you will also get
all kinds of other organisms, some of which eat algae. Getting CO2 from a smokestack works out really well.
Governments trying to address theexternal costsof coal power plants may have acarbon taxorcarbon
creditthat provides additional motivation to use CO2 from smokestacks. Several commercial pilot plants are
under construction.[33][34][35]
There is substantial research and development work in this area but as of 2007 there is no commercial
vegetable oil produced from algae and used as biofuel. ExxonMobil is investing $600 million and estimates they
are 5 to 10 years from significant production, but could invest billions in final development and
commercialization.[36]If and when the commercialization challenges are overcome, vegetable oil production
could expand very rapidly.
In 2012 President Obamasupported the idea of getting oil from algae.
[edit]See also
Energy portal
Biodiesel by region
Food price crisis
Greasestock
Hydrocarbon economy
List of vegetable oils
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_economy#cite_note-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_economy#cite_note-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_economy#cite_note-29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_economy#cite_note-29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vegetable_oil_economy&action=edit§ion=12http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vegetable_oil_economy&action=edit§ion=12http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vegetable_oil_economy&action=edit§ion=12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofuel_from_algaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofuel_from_algaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofuel_from_algaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_economy#cite_note-autogenerated1-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_economy#cite_note-autogenerated1-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_economy#cite_note-autogenerated1-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_economy#cite_note-BiodieselFromMicroAlgae-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_economy#cite_note-BiodieselFromMicroAlgae-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_economy#cite_note-BiodieselFromMicroAlgae-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algaculturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algaculturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algaculturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/External_costshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/External_costshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/External_costshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_taxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_taxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_taxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_credithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_credithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_credithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_credithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_economy#cite_note-SmokestackGasTank-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_economy#cite_note-SmokestackGasTank-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_economy#cite_note-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_economy#cite_note-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_economy#cite_note-35http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_economy#cite_note-35http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_economy#cite_note-35http://vimeo.com/37538007http://vimeo.com/37538007http://vimeo.com/37538007http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vegetable_oil_economy&action=edit§ion=13http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vegetable_oil_economy&action=edit§ion=13http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vegetable_oil_economy&action=edit§ion=13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiesel_by_regionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiesel_by_regionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_price_crisishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_price_crisishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greasestockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greasestockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocarbon_economyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocarbon_economyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_vegetable_oilshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_vegetable_oilshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crystal_energy.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_vegetable_oilshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocarbon_economyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greasestockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_price_crisishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiesel_by_regionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vegetable_oil_economy&action=edit§ion=13http://vimeo.com/37538007http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_economy#cite_note-35http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_economy#cite_note-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_economy#cite_note-SmokestackGasTank-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_economy#cite_note-SmokestackGasTank-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_credithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_credithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_taxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/External_costshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algaculturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_economy#cite_note-BiodieselFromMicroAlgae-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_economy#cite_note-autogenerated1-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofuel_from_algaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vegetable_oil_economy&action=edit§ion=12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_economy#cite_note-29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_economy#cite_note-29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_economy#cite_note-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_economy#cite_note-27 -
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Low-carbon economy
Renewable energy
Straight vegetable oil
Strategic Fuel Reserve
Sustainable development
Vegetable oil blends
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-carbon_economyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-carbon_economyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight_vegetable_oilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight_vegetable_oilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_Fuel_Reservehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_Fuel_Reservehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_blendshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_blendshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_blendshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_Fuel_Reservehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight_vegetable_oilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-carbon_economy